carbohydrates

Question 1

functions of carbohydrates

Answer 1

energy source
storage
structural
interellular communication

Question 2

ring structures of larger monoshaccaries

Answer 2

pyranoses -6

furanoses - 5

Question 3

smaller monosaccharides

Answer 3

aldoses

ketoses

Question 4

why are ring structures formed on the larger monosaccashrides

Answer 4

oxygen on the anomeric carbon

Question 5

what can carbohydrates form

Answer 5

D and L isomers

D in life

Question 6

what conformation do carbohydrates form

Answer 6

chair confomration

2 anomie’s due to OH orientation on anomeritc carbon

Question 7

bond between monomers

Answer 7

glycosidic

either alpha or beta depending on anomer

Question 8

substitute sugars

Answer 8

carbohydrate with other groups

e.g. protein, lipid, acetyl

Question 9

glycosaminoglycnas

Answer 9

lots of charge leading to repulsion

component of ECM

Question 10

types of polysaccarides

Answer 10

homopolysaccarides
heteropolysaccarides

linear or branched

Question 11

cellulose

Answer 11

glucose beta glycosidic bonds
straight chains due to B
H bonding between polymer chains

Question 12

chitin

Answer 12

contains amine group increasing charge therefore stronger bonds
exoskeletons and cell wall of fungi/algae

Question 13

starch

Answer 13

food reserve in plants

insoluble granules in cytoplasm

Question 14

starch forms

Answer 14

a-amylose
linear homopolysaccaride 
glucose via alpha
helical formation (kinked)
amylopecitn
glucose monomers alpha 1-4/1-6 linakgaes
branching

Question 15

glycogen

Answer 15

similar to amylopectin but more compact and branched

Question 16

glycogen synthesis

Answer 16

glucose binds to UDP
glycogenin creates glucose primer using UDP glucose molecules
allows binding to aa on glycogenin
glycogen synthase sticks another UDP glucose on
repeat to make chain
branching enzyme moves glucose molecules to another glycosidic bonding, branching

Question 17

glycogen degreatation

Answer 17

glycogen phosphorylase removes glucose at ends

debranching enzyme acts as transferase, removes glucose near branch point

Question 18

glycoproteins/oligosaccharies

Answer 18

carbohydrate chains linked to protein

often branched and found on cell surface (signalling)

Question 19

how can carbohydrate groups be linked

Answer 19

N/O glycans
N linked glycosylation
spread through whole protein, effects on protein folding activity
O linked glycosaltion
occurs in clusters on specific proteins with protective role

Question 20

salivary mucin

Answer 20

O links

2-7 sugars attachede

Question 21

glycolipdis

Answer 21

act as self signals/regognition factors , intercellular commincation
feature of bacterial cell wall - different to human lipopolysaccharide

Question 22

glyco RNA

Answer 22

sugar attached to RNA

Question 23

digestion of carbohydrtaes

Answer 23

A malaise breaks 1-4 links in starch
polysaccharides to oligosaccarhres
pancreatic applause and other glycosides digest

Question 24

what happens to sugars that cannot be digested

Answer 24

fermented in the colon

Question 25

carbohydrates and oral health

Answer 25

glycolipids can be used as a food source for bacteia

bacteria can attach to structures by using glycoprotiens

Question 26

glycocalyx

Answer 26

glycoprotien and glycolipid
protective barrier between cell and outside
bacteria can produce this to stick to and form plaque