Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome (Exam 2)

Question 1

Obestiy in the US

Answer 1

-74% of adults aged 20 or over

-Almost 10% are considered severely obese

-US spent over 147 Billion on medical costs related to obesity

Question 2

Adipose tissue

Answer 2

-Provides insulation and mechanical support for the body.

-Adipokines: Secrete hormone-like molecule
-Contributes to our immune cell function

Question 3

Adipocytes

Answer 3

-Fat storying cells

-Store calories as triglycericdies

-Can increase in number and hypertrophy to increase fat mass

Question 4

2 Major Areas for Fat Storage

Answer 4

-Subcutaneous or peripheral adipose tissue (subdermal) (Healhier)

-Visceral adipose tissue (omentum) (Between intradomonal organs)

Question 5

What fat is the most unhealthy

Answer 5

Visceral

Question 6

Android Obesity

Answer 6

-Associated with the Apple shape. More common in males.

-Type fat with risk CAD, CVA, DM, and ETC.

-Higher likely hood of being visceral fat

Question 7

Gynoid Obesity

Answer 7

-Pear shape and more common in females

-Does not have a the risk like apple shape has.

Question 8

Weight measurement is considered to be a

Answer 8

Cardio vascular risk factor

Question 9

Adipokines

Answer 9

-Adipose tissue (ENDOCRINE ORGAN) (Secrete adipokines)

-Cell-signaling proteins

-Help regulate: appetite, food-intake, energy, lipid storage, insulin, coagulation, fibronlysis.

Question 10

Types of Adipokines

Answer 10

-Leptin (Appetite Energy)

-Angiopoietin-related protein (Inflammation and Insulin resistance)

-Angiotensionogen (Blood Pressure)

-Retinol-binding protein (Insulin resistance in muscles)

-IL-6, TNF-alpha (Biomarkers related to systemic inflammation)

Question 11

Adiponectin: Good Adipokine

Answer 11

-Inverse relationship with the fat content in the body (adiposity)

-So increase fat content in body = decrease adiponectin produced

Question 12

Adiponectin: What does it do?

Answer 12

-Increases energy

-Enhance cell sensitivity to Insulin

-Anti-inflammatory effects

-Protects against arterioscleroses

Question 13

Leptin: Good Adipokine

Answer 13

-Hormone main by adipocytes so increase in fat = increase in leptin

-Obese individuals become leptin resistant

-Normally tells body that body has had enough to eat (Satiety)

-Leptin also works with adiponectin to increase sensitivity to insulin, reduce triglyceride levels, and inhibit fat accumulation

Question 14

Obesity: Adults

Answer 14

BMI great than 30 kg/m2

Question 15

Obesity: Children

Answer 15

BMI greater than or qual to the age- and sex-specific 95th percentile of the growth charts

Question 16

Obesity and Genetics

Answer 16

-Genotype of gene-Environment interactions are important predisposing factors for obesity.

-Both genetic and environmental combination of interactions

Question 17

Obesity as Polygenic condition

Answer 17

More than one gene that influence the development of obesity.

Question 18

Several genetic mutation associated with obesity

Answer 18

-Leptin gene (Leptin resistant)

-Several enzyme mutations have been found to be associated

Question 19

Obesity is associated with other phenotypes and metabolic abnormalities

Answer 19

-Cushing syndrome
-Polycystic ovary syndrome
-Hypothyroidism

Question 20

Obesogens

Answer 20

-Endocrine disrupting chemicals

-Can contribute to the development of obesity

Question 21

Classifying Obesity: BMI

Answer 21

BMI

Weight in kilograms / height in meters2

(Weight in pounds / height in inches2) x 703

<18.5 Underweight
18.5-25 Ideal
25-30 Overwegiht
30-39 Obese
>40 Morbid Obese

Question 22

Body Fat Classificaiton

Answer 22

Look at SS

Question 23

Obesity and Inflammation

Answer 23

-Pateints who are obese are in a low-grade inflammatory state

-Macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and mast cells INFILTRATE adipocytes which cause release of CYTOKINES

-The systemic effects of these, coupled with other endocrine responses in obesity, results in insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and health issues associated with obesity