Cellular Adaptation and Gangrene

Question 1

Cellular Adaption

Answer 1

-Changes that your bodies cell go through to permits survival and maintenance of cellular function

-Cells can change their size or form (Normal physiological process) (Work out and muscle get bigger)

-Abnormal cellular changes can occur too

Question 2

Atrophy

Answer 2

-Decrease and shrinking in cell size

-Once a certain number of cells do this in a particular area or organ, the entire organ can be atrophic

-2 types: Physiologic and Pathologic

Question 3

Physiologic Atrophy

Answer 3

Related to a developmental issue (less common)

Question 4

pathologic atrophy

Answer 4

-Related to decrease workload or changed environmental conditions.

-Nutritional deficiencies, blood supply decreased, hormonal problems, prolonged immobility, aging

Question 5

Atrophied cells have ________ protein synthesis (building) and/or _________ protein catabolism (breakdown)

Answer 5

Decreased

Increased

Question 6

Hypertrophy

Answer 6

-Increase in the size of the cell and can increase function of the cell.

-Typically in response to mechanical stimuli–Repetitive stretching, pressure, prolonged volume overload

-Heart and Kidney most prone to this in negative adaptation. (BAD)

Question 7

Hyperplasia

Answer 7

Increased NUMBER of cells

-Results from increased rate of cellular division, usually in response to prolong injury or severe injury (NEVER A GOOD THING)

-Only cells who have ability to divide have Hyperplasia

Hyperolasia normal in Pregnancy changes and wound healing

Question 8

Pathologic hyperplasia is common in

Answer 8

Cancers or abnormal hormonal stimulation

Prostate. Endometrial Hyperplaisa

Question 9

Dysplasia

Answer 9

-Abnormal changes in size/shape/organization of mature cells

-Often related to atypical hyperplasia

-Often associated with neoplastic growths (cancerous cells). However, Dysplasia does not equal cancer. Can be reversible

Question 10

Stages of Dysplasia

Answer 10

Normal
Hyperplasia
Mild Dysplasia
Severe Dysplasia
Cancer

Question 11

Metaplasia

Answer 11

Reversible replacement of one type of mature cell to another

-Often the replacement is less specific to that area (less differentiated)

-Can be a pathologic response to chronic irritaiton and inflammation

-Can predispose to cancer

-Allows cells to survive better in a hostile environment (is reversible)

Question 12

Metaplasia is more assiociated with cancer that just dysplasia

Question 14

Neoplasia

Answer 14

-Cellular growth not responding to normal regulator processes. (Usually because of gene mutation)

-Anaplasia-cells differentiate to IMMATURE form or embryonic form (Associated with neoplasms and malignant tumors)

Cancer–Uncontrolled cellular growth with rapid uncontrolled proliferation and loss of ability of cells to differentiation

Question 15

Neoplasms

Answer 15

-Tumor or group or area of neoplastic cells

Question 16

Bening Neoplasms

Answer 16

-Non cancerous.

-Differentiated cells (less anaplastic) (More mature)

-Reproduce more rapidly than normal cells

-More like normal cells and unable to metastasize (do not spread)

-Grow slowly

-Encapsulated and do not cause problems unless in areas of compressions such as the brain.

Question 17

Malignant Neoplasms

Answer 17

-Undifferentiated cells (more anaplastic)

-Reproduce rapidly with atypical cells

-Often metastasize (Moves to other sites and cells)

-No capsule

Question 18

Necrosis

Answer 18

-Cellular injury that result in cell death. Cell death due to disease failure of blood supply

-Irreversible: Leads to swelling. Bursting cell. Inflammation

-Ischemic Necrosis: Infarction and Prolonged ischemia

-Can lead to gangrene: (Dead tissue is breeding ground for bacteria

Question 19

Necrosis (liqued)

Answer 19

-Abscess formation in both the upper and lower lobes of the lung.

-Within each abscess there is a liquid center in an area where there was tissue injury.

-Liquefactive necrosis: In tissues with a lot of lipids (brain) or where there are numerous inflammatory cells. Release of proteolytic enzymes which destroy tissue

Question 20

Gangrene

Answer 20

-Starts with poor circulation and no blood supply

-Most common in toes and feet of patients with poor circulation like pheriphal vascular disease

Question 21

Three Types of Gangrene

Answer 21

Dry
Wet
Gas

Question 21

Dry Gangrene

Answer 21

-Minimal bacteria present

-Not a huge inflammatory response

-Tissue turns black, dry and wrinkled

-Line between dead tissue and healthy tissue

Question 21

Wet Gangrene

Answer 21

-Liquefaction necrosis
-Extensive damage from bacteria and wbc’s in liqued wound
-Foul smelling
-Rapid spread
-Can by systemic
-More commonly in internal organs

Question 22

Gas Gangrene

Answer 22

-Typically caused by Clostridium perfringens (Anaerobic and Spore Forming)

-ATV accident because they get stuff in wounds from the dirt and etc

-Gaseous bubbles

-Specialized type of wet gangrene