Cellular Adaptation and Gangrene Flashcards
Cellular Adaption
-Changes that your bodies cell go through to permits survival and maintenance of cellular function
-Cells can change their size or form (Normal physiological process) (Work out and muscle get bigger)
-Abnormal cellular changes can occur too
Atrophy
-Decrease and shrinking in cell size
-Once a certain number of cells do this in a particular area or organ, the entire organ can be atrophic
-2 types: Physiologic and Pathologic
Physiologic Atrophy
Related to a developmental issue (less common)
pathologic atrophy
-Related to decrease workload or changed environmental conditions.
-Nutritional deficiencies, blood supply decreased, hormonal problems, prolonged immobility, aging
Atrophied cells have ________ protein synthesis (building) and/or _________ protein catabolism (breakdown)
Decreased
Increased
Hypertrophy
-Increase in the size of the cell and can increase function of the cell.
-Typically in response to mechanical stimuli–Repetitive stretching, pressure, prolonged volume overload
-Heart and Kidney most prone to this in negative adaptation. (BAD)
Hyperplasia
Increased NUMBER of cells
-Results from increased rate of cellular division, usually in response to prolong injury or severe injury (NEVER A GOOD THING)
-Only cells who have ability to divide have Hyperplasia
Hyperolasia normal in Pregnancy changes and wound healing
Pathologic hyperplasia is common in
Cancers or abnormal hormonal stimulation
Prostate. Endometrial Hyperplaisa
Dysplasia
-Abnormal changes in size/shape/organization of mature cells
-Often related to atypical hyperplasia
-Often associated with neoplastic growths (cancerous cells). However, Dysplasia does not equal cancer. Can be reversible
Stages of Dysplasia
Normal
Hyperplasia
Mild Dysplasia
Severe Dysplasia
Cancer
Metaplasia
Reversible replacement of one type of mature cell to another
-Often the replacement is less specific to that area (less differentiated)
-Can be a pathologic response to chronic irritaiton and inflammation
-Can predispose to cancer
-Allows cells to survive better in a hostile environment (is reversible)
Metaplasia is more assiociated with cancer that just dysplasia
Neoplasia
-Cellular growth not responding to normal regulator processes. (Usually because of gene mutation)
-Anaplasia-cells differentiate to IMMATURE form or embryonic form (Associated with neoplasms and malignant tumors)
Cancer–Uncontrolled cellular growth with rapid uncontrolled proliferation and loss of ability of cells to differentiation
Neoplasms
-Tumor or group or area of neoplastic cells
Bening Neoplasms
-Non cancerous.
-Differentiated cells (less anaplastic) (More mature)
-Reproduce more rapidly than normal cells
-More like normal cells and unable to metastasize (do not spread)
-Grow slowly
-Encapsulated and do not cause problems unless in areas of compressions such as the brain.
Malignant Neoplasms
-Undifferentiated cells (more anaplastic)
-Reproduce rapidly with atypical cells
-Often metastasize (Moves to other sites and cells)
-No capsule
Necrosis
-Cellular injury that result in cell death. Cell death due to disease failure of blood supply
-Irreversible: Leads to swelling. Bursting cell. Inflammation
-Ischemic Necrosis: Infarction and Prolonged ischemia
-Can lead to gangrene: (Dead tissue is breeding ground for bacteria
Necrosis (liqued)
-Abscess formation in both the upper and lower lobes of the lung.
-Within each abscess there is a liquid center in an area where there was tissue injury.
-Liquefactive necrosis: In tissues with a lot of lipids (brain) or where there are numerous inflammatory cells. Release of proteolytic enzymes which destroy tissue
Gangrene
-Starts with poor circulation and no blood supply
-Most common in toes and feet of patients with poor circulation like pheriphal vascular disease
Three Types of Gangrene
Dry
Wet
Gas
Dry Gangrene
-Minimal bacteria present
-Not a huge inflammatory response
-Tissue turns black, dry and wrinkled
-Line between dead tissue and healthy tissue
Wet Gangrene
-Liquefaction necrosis
-Extensive damage from bacteria and wbc’s in liqued wound
-Foul smelling
-Rapid spread
-Can by systemic
-More commonly in internal organs
Gas Gangrene
-Typically caused by Clostridium perfringens (Anaerobic and Spore Forming)
-ATV accident because they get stuff in wounds from the dirt and etc
-Gaseous bubbles
-Specialized type of wet gangrene
