Coagulation Cascade (Final) Flashcards
What are the two parts of blood?
Plasma
Formed elements
Plasma
55% of blood
Mainly water
Albumin and other things
Formed Elements
45% of our blood
All of our blood cells
Platlets, Leukocytes, and erythociytes
Plasma Proteins
Albumin and globulins
Albumin
Found in plasma and is a carrier molecule
Most important role is regulation of water and solutes through capillaries (oncotic pressure)
Globulins
Found in plasma
HDLS
Prothrombin
Proteins that transport hormones
What is the most plentiful clotting factor?
-Fibrinogen
Most clotting proteins are produced where?
In the liver
Where are electrolytes contained?
In the plasma
Serum is what?
Plasma without the clotting factor
Serum + Clotting factor =
Plasma
Cell Components of blood
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Neutrophil
Eisinophil
Basophil
Monocyte (macrophage)
Lymphocyte
Natural killer cells
Platelet
Platlets
-NOT true cells
-Contain cytoplasmic granules which can release adhesive proteins, coagulation, and growth factors when they sense a vess injury
-A-nuclear (no nucleus)
Normal platelet count is
150,000-400,000
-Thombocytopenia = <100,000
Someone who is thrombocytopenic is at high risk for what?
-Bleeding
Where are platelets made? and where are additional platelets stored?
The are made in the bone marrow and stored in the spleen
Platelet Function
-Initially circulate freely in unactivated state (Un activated state)
Platelet Function: Damage to the blood vessel
Initiates platelet Activation
- Increased platelet adhesion (Vessel wall injury site) (Turns to dengritct forum)
- Activation leading to platelet degranulation
- Aggregation as platelet-vascular wall and platelet-platelet adherence increases
- Activation of the clotting system
Clotting Cascade
-Groups of proteins taht when activated form a blood clot
-Activated by tissue injury or infection
-Platelets activate this process then fibrin joins
What is the end goal of the clotting cascade?
Blood clot = meshwork of fibrin strands and platelets
Stops bleeding (Hemostasis)
Coagulation Cascade on Canvas (Stop at 13:30) (Will be tested on)
The initial plug is caused by what?
Platelets but they are not strong enough so they need fibrin strands
What is fibrin made up of?
Fibrin molecules and proteins that come together to form a polymer. Join end to end to create fibrin strand
i
What is the fibrin plus the extra piece called?
Fibrinogen
Needs to be converted in order join a strand
How does your body know to convert fibrinogen to fibrin at the site of injury?
Your body uses thrombin because it is more efficient
Thrombin comes from
Prothrombin which is an inactivated form (Has piece on the end)
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Clotting Pathways KHAN academy
Intrinsic Pathway of clotting cascade
XII
XI
IX + VIII
X + V
II (Thrombin)
I (Fibrin)
Twelve is not actually becoming 11 and 11 is not actually becoming 9.
What is happening is twelve when activated is a catalyst to convert 11 into it’s activated form….and so on
This is an amplifications sequence. The amount of each increases as it goes down the cascade
Extrinsic pathway of clotting cascade
III (Tissue factor)
VII
X + V
II (Thrombin)
I (Fibrin)
What is the difference between the two clotting pathways
-The extrinsic pathway is the spark!!!! (Activated by original insult)
-The intrinsic pathway is the work horse (Get’s most the coagulation done)
How is the extrinsic pathway the spark the cascade
It shoots in to start at 10 to start the activate thrombin.
Thrombin then starts the intrinsic cascade by start 5 7 8 11 13
What is the end goal of the Extrinsic and Intrinsic cascade
To get the fibrin molecules and fibrin strands
What is factor XIII responsible for
Connecting the fibrin strands together.
What keeps these pathway from clotting us up whenever there is just a little bit of damage somewhere
-Negative feedback loopsgoverned by thrombin. Thrombin stimulates the production of anti-thrombin
-Also thrombin creates plasmin from plasminogen
What breaks the mesh networks of fibrin apart if they are not needed?
Plasmin
What does anti-thrombin do?
Decrease the amount of thrombin produced from prothrombin. Impeded the production of X
Function of Clotting Factors: Blood Clot
A meshwork of protein strands which stablize the platelet plug and trap other cells
Thrombin is most active in what pathway
Intrinsic and is the target of a lot of medications
Ways our body can stop the coagulations cascade. STOP THE CLOT
-Anti-thrombin III (AT III) circulating inhibitor of thrombin
-Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) inhibits factor Xa but stoping the activation of III (TF) which is the extrinsic spark pathway
How does the clot go away?
-Lysis = Breakdown
-Breakdown carried out by the fibrinolytic system
-t-PA (Tissue plasminogen activator)
-t-PA turns plasminogen into plasmin. Plasmin breaks down fibrin.
-u-PA also activates plasminogen into plasmin
CLOT BUSTING
