Intro to Pharmacology (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of Pharmacology

A

The study of the biological effects of DRUGS that are introduced into the body to cause some sort of change

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2
Q

Definition of Pharmacokinetics

A

-What happens to drugs in the body

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3
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

-Mechanism of action

-Effects on the body

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4
Q

Chemical Name

A

-Long and Complex

-Used in research

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5
Q

Generic name

A

-Official name of drug

-Only 1 generic name

-Usually more complicated than trade name

-Lower case

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6
Q

Trade Name

A

-Brand Name

-Easier to remember and pronounce

-Upper case

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7
Q

Prototype Drug

A

One drug-typically the first-that represents a group or class of medication

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8
Q

New drugs int eh class are compared to the prototype to examine what?

A

Effectiveness and Side Effects

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9
Q

Therapeutic Effects

A

-Intended effects of the drug

-What we want to happen

Blood pressure medication to decrease blood pressure

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10
Q

Side effects

A

-Unintended Effects of Medication

-Unavoidable

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11
Q

When taking a medication a person has to weigh what?

A

The therapeutic effects vs the adverse (side effects)

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12
Q

Toxicties

A

Harmful effects of medication

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13
Q

Allergic reactions

A

-Unexpected can be dangerous

-Involves immune system response

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14
Q

What do we needs to know with each medication?

A

-Name: Generic Names

-Classification (drug class): Given to a describe a group of medication that work similarly (SAME MOA)

-Mechanism of action: How the drug works in the body

-Indications: Why are we giving this med? What is it used to treat?

-Common/Serious Adverse Effects

-Contrindications

-Nursing indications: What the nurses need to worry about with the medication. What do we need to assess before giving the said medication. Serious interactions? is it a CYP drug?

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15
Q

How are new drugs approved

A

-approved by the FDA

-chemical identified and undergoes strict clinical test

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16
Q

Preclinical Trials

A

Tested on lab animals for therapeutic and adverse effects

17
Q

Phase I studies

A

Human Volunteers are used to test the drug

-Showing us big side effects

18
Q

Phase II Studies

A

-drug is tried on patients who have the disease that the drug is designed to treat

-showing use rare and new side effects

19
Q

Phase III studies

A

The drug is used in a VAST CLINICAL MARKET.

20
Q

Phase IV studies

A

-CONTINUED EVALUATION by the FDA

21
Q

Controlled Substances

A

-Schedule I-V

22
Q

Schedule I Medications

A

-Chemical substances or drugs that are not approved for medical use. No reason to prescribe

-Herion-LSD-Ecstasy

-VERY HIGH POTENTIAL FOR ABUSE

23
Q

Schedule II Medications

A

-Used medically, but HIGH potential for abuse

-Narcotics and amphetamines

-Hydromorphone - Oxycodone

-NO REFILLS ALLOWED

24
Q

Schedule III Medications

A

Less potential for abuse (moderate to low)

-None barbiturate sedatives, non-amphetamines, stimulants

-Ketamine, testosterone, anabolic steroids

25
Schedule IV Medications
-Some potential for Abuse -Primarily sedatives, anti-anxiety medications -Xanax, Valium, Ambien
26
Schedule 5
Low potential for abuse -Mediations containing small amounts of certain narcotics or stimulants. Antitussives -Cough suppressants with some codeine, ephedrine containing medications
27
Over the Counter Medications
-80 different classes -Antihistamines, sleep aids, analgesics, antacids, laxatives -Low risk of side effects and Low abuse potential
28
For a medication to be classified as OTC
Consumers must be able to diagnose own conditions and monitor effectiveness EASILY Benedryll for poison Ivey rash
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Some OTC medications are available only behind the pharmacy counter due to abuse possibility
-Pseudoephedrine containing medications
30
Dietary and Herbal Supplements can only
Claim affect on BODY STRUCTURE or FUNCTION (not medical condition) EX. St John's Wort- affects emotional balance (not treat depression) Not evaluated by the FDA
31
Adverse interactions between drugs and herbals
-Some herbals can INCREASE the toxicity of prescription medication or cause DECREASED therapeutic effects
32
Teaching Points for Drug and Herbals
When getting a medication history always ask SPECIFICALLY about other medications, supplements, OTC, herbals, vitamins, etc.
33
Example: of adverse interaction
GINKO biloba platelet aggregation Therefore can increase the risk of bleeding in patients on antiplatelet and antiocoagulant drugs (blood thinners)
34
Teratogens
Substances that can cause congenital malformations in developing fetus
35
Common teratogens
Alcohol, marijuana, and nicotine all known teratogens
36
FDA Pregnancy Risk Categories
Category A- Safe for fetus Category B- Lack of studies to show benefit/risk Category C- No studies, animal studies possible risk Category D- drugs that have possible risk to the fetus Category X- drugs that have KNOWN RISK, that CANNOT be outweighed by possible benefit
37
Pregnancy and Lactation Labeling Rule (PLLR) categories
Pregnancy Lactation Females and Males of Reproductive Potential
38
Pharmacogenomics
-The study of how genes affect a person's response to drugs -New field combines pharmacology and genomics to develop effective, safe medications and doses that will be tailored to a persons makeup