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NUR 325 PATHO > Depression and Anxiety (Final) > Flashcards

Depression and Anxiety (Final) Flashcards

1
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

-Chemicals that enable neurotransmission

-Travels across the synapse and either blocks or facilitate relay of stimulus

-Problems that arise with neurotransmitters are associated with neurologic and psychiatric disorders

-Over 200 neuortransmitters

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2
Q

4 Major Neurotransmitters

A

Dopamine

Norepinephrine

Serotonin (5HT)

GABA

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3
Q

What is dopamine responsible for?

A

Attention
Motivation
Pleasure
Reward

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4
Q

What is serotonin responsible for?

A

Obsessions and compulsions

Happiness and sleep

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5
Q

What is norepinephrine responsible for?

A

Alertness and energry

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6
Q

Which neurotransmitters are responsible for mood and anxiety?

A

Dopamine and Serotonin

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7
Q

What is GABA responsible for?

A

Relaxation

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8
Q
A
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9
Q

Serotonin Deficit

A

Depression and Craving

-Obsessive thoughts
-Compulsive behavior

Increase Impulsivity
-Suicide
-Agression
-Cue Triggers

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10
Q

Dopamine Deficit

A

Depression and Craving

-Parkinson-Like Symptoms
-Slow reaction
-Anergia (LOE)

-AMNEDONIA (Inability to experience pleasure)
-Pleasure center
-Dysfunction

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11
Q

GABA

A

-Principle inhibitory neurotransmitter

-GABA dysfunction is associated with anxiety disorders (Panic)

-Recently been connected to major depressive disorder

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12
Q

Noerpinephrine

A

-Excitatory neurotransmitter associated with fight or flight response

-High levels associated with: anxiety, stress, hyperactivity

-Low levels associated with: Lack of energy, focus, and motivation

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13
Q

Depression: More common

A

-In women
-White
-Those never been married

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13
Q

Those with depression have greater risk of developing

A

CAD

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14
Q

Depression: Eitology

A

-Is caused by a complication of genetic, biological, environmental and psychosocial factors

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15
Q

Diagnosis of depression requires the presences of multiple symptoms that are intense enough to cause distress and to

A

Persistently impair psychosocial functioning

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15
Q

Depressive Symptoms

A

-Loss of interest or pleasure

-Fatigue

-Restlessness and irritabile

-Impaired concentration

-Low self-esteem

-Negative thinking

-Sleep disturbances

-Appetite disturbances

16
Q

Depression Treatment

A

-Medications (most important thing is telling patients that i takes WEEKS for these medications to start working, so keep with it

-Psychotherapy-Talk therapy

-Psychoeduction and support groups

-Brain stimulation therapy

-Works best when all of these are combined together in some way that best fits the patients needs

17
Q

Anxiety: Panic Disorder two important psychological symptoms

A

Anticipatory anxiety: Fearful expectation of panic anxiety onset

Avoidance anxiety: Personal strategies used to increase feeling of control and decrease the risk of panic anxiety

18
Q

Panic Disorder: Etiology

A

-Biopsychological and Physiologic

Genetics and family history

Early childhood stress linked to adult onset anxiety disorderd

19
Q

Overwhelming stress can induce circulation stress hormones which stimulates

A

Glutamate

20
Q

What is panic?

A

-Unexpected episodes of reactions that are out of proportion to events going on around patient

-Many (50%) of patients with panic also have depression

-Creates a terrible cycle of panic attacks and anxiety

21
Q

Panic attacks: What are they and what are the symptoms?

A

Recurrent uncomfortable episodes with sudden onset with symptoms

-Heart palpitations
-Chest pain
-SOA
-Dizziness
-Nausea
-Fear of Losing control

22
Q

Treatment of Panic Disorders

A

-Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

-Anti-dpressants
-SSRI
-SNRI
-TCA
-MAO inhibitors

Benxodiapzepines (Second line)

23
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A

-Chronic condition

-More than 6 months

-Excessive, uncontrolled, unrealistic worry. Going down a rabbit hole

24
Q

GAD symptoms

A

-Accompanied by muscle tension, autonomic hyperactivity, exaggerated startle, difficulty concentrating

25
Q

Risk factors for GAD

A

-Use of certain substances

-Childhood abuse or family trauma

-Genetics

26
Q

GAD Treatment

A

-Cognitive Behavorial Therapy

-SSRI and SRNI

-Buspirone = unknown MOA, no sedation/abuse, does not intensify the effects of CNA depressants, anxiolytic effects slow

-Benzodiazepines

27
Q

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: 3 core symptoms

A

-Hyper-arousal
-Avoidance of reminders
-Re-experiencing the events

28
Q

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Characterized

A

By vivid flashbacks, nightmares, emotional blunting, irritability and exaggerated startle

Memory, sleep and depression problems very common in PTSD

29
Q

PTSD: Treatment

A

Psychotherapy-Trauma focused, exposure therapy, CBT

EMDR - Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing

Medications SSRI and SNRI

30
Q

Social Anxiety Disorder

A

-Intense fear of being criticized by others

-Persistent fear of humiliation

-Negative evaluation of embarrassment in social situations

-Withdraw from situations or experience intense discomfort

31
Q

SAD: Causes

A

-Inherited traits

-Brain structure: amygdala plays role in the fear response

-Environment: May be a learned behavior

32
Q

Treatment of SAD

A

CBT

SSRI

BENZO

Propanolol- 1 to 2 hours before activity

33
Q

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

A

Obsession: Repetitive unwanted thoughts

Compulsions: Repeated activités / rituals

Time consuming: May be distressing to individual, friends, family members

34
Q

OCD Treatment

A

VERY VERY difficult to treat

-SSRI

-TCA (second line)

-Deep brain stimulation

-EMDR

-Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: FDA approaved

35
Q

SSRI and SNRI

A

Used first line because they are the most safe medicaitons

36
Q

All anti depressant medications come with the risk of

A

Suicide and mental imbalance because they affecting the neurotransmitter

37
Q

After starting drug should be monitor for 4-8 weeks for efficacy

A

Can increase dose

Switch drug or drug class

Add second drug

38
Q
A

NUR 325 PATHO (44 decks)

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