Intro to Immunity (Exam 1) Flashcards
Inflammation
-Occurs with cell injury
-Protective Mechanism that begins healing process
-itis commonly used to describe conditions with inflammation.
Protective mechanism that begins healing. Iflammations
-Destroys invading and harmful agents
-Limit the spread of harmful agents
-Prepare damaged tissues for repair
Sings of Inlammation
-Redness
-Swelling
-Heat
-Pain
-Loss of function
Exogenous
Surgery-Trauma-Burn
We did something to our boday
Endogenous
Tissue ischemia (lack of O2)
Internally.
Acute inflammtion
Last less than 2 weeks
Chronic inflammation
Long period of time and can result in scar tissue and is no longer helpful like acute inflammation
Events of Inflammation
-Tissue injury or bacterial antigens
-Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability (blood vessels)
-Leukocyte recruitment and emigration.
-Phagocytosis of antigens and debris (Breakdown and eat bacteria and bad cells)
Chemotaxis
Process by which neutrophils are attracted to inflamed tissue.
Inflammatory Exudate
-Fluid that leaks out of blood vessels, neutrophils and debris.
-Vary in composition. Amount varies based on inflammation.
-Cutting hand does leak much fluid but if it keeps getting worse and leaking than that is inflammatory exudate
4 main types of Inflammatory Exudates
-Serous
-Seroanguineous
-Purulent
-Hemorrhagic
Serous Exudate
-Watery, low protein, mild inflammation
-The good mild kind. Healing from surgery or injury. Clear fluid
Serosanguineous Exudate
-Pink-tinged fluid, small amount of RBC
-Small amounts of RBC. Imm after surgery. Normal Post Opp
Purulent Exudate
-Severe inflammation with bacterial infection, neutrophils, protein, and debris (abscesses- may require drainage)
-More concerning. Green and Yellow. Might smell a little funky.
Hemorrhagic
-Lots of RBC’s, most severe inflammation
-Occurs with servers leakage and necrosis. Can be confused as straight bleeding from wound.
Systemic Manifestations
-Cytokines are responsible
-Fever
-Increased neutrophils
-Lethargy
-Muscle catabolism (breakdown)
Very Sick Patient
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
-Cluster of genes on chromosome 6.
- AKA human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex
-Proteins made by these genes are on cell surfaces. Identify as self.
-2 major classes: MHC class II and Class II
Specific Adaptive Immunity
-Recognize foreign invades
-Destroys foreign invaders
-Retaining memory of invaders (adaptive). B-cells. T-cells. Both types of white blood cells responsible for memory immunity.
-MHC-Proteins used to discriminate between self and non-self
Cells responsible for Specific Adaptive Immunity
-B-cells (Humoral)
-T-cells (Cell-mediated)
Kill what they remember
B-cells
-Responsible for humoral immunity
2 Types
- Memory cells: cells that remember exposure to antigen (name tag)
-Plasma cells: cells that secrete antibodies
Antibodies
-Also known as Immunoglobulins
Five classes:
IgG- most common, 75-80%, protect against bacterial and viral infections. (Previous infection or vaccination) (Come around later and are responsible for remembering)
IgM- 10%, activates compliment for cytotoxic functions. (Early, recent infections) (These are the detectors and signalers)
IgA-Secretory functions-Protects against infections. Found in tears and breast milk
IgD- Trace amounts in serum, more on B-cells, stimulates B cells to multiply and divide. (B cell helper)
IgE- Role in immunity against parasites and allergic reactions, signaling of mast cell degranulation. ALLERGIC REACTIONS
Passive Immunity
-Transfer of plasma containing antibodies from an immunized person to non-immunized person
-Mother to fetus (IgG through placenta. IgA through breast milk)
-Injection of antibodies (not vaccine)
Active Immunity
-Protected state due to body’s own immune response
-Active infection
-Vaccines
5 Main Types of Vaccines
-Traditional
-Attenuated
-Toxoids
-Conjugate
Traditional Vaccine
Inactive or killed organsims
Attenuated Vaccine
Live but weakened organisms
Do not give to anyone with underlying conditions or weakened immune system
Toxoids Vaccines
-Inactivated toxins that stimulate production of antitoxin
-Tetanus
Conjugate Vaccines
-Protein or toxoid from one organsim attached to a disease-causing organism to stimulate response,
-H. Influenza type B
mRNA Vaccines
Take a snip from genetic code from a virus and teaches your antibodies to respond
Covid
