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NUR 325 PATHO > F&E (Exam 3) mag-cal-phos > Flashcards

F&E (Exam 3) mag-cal-phos Flashcards

1
Q

Magnesium

A

Hypomagnesemia <1.3

Hypermagnesemia > 2.1

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2
Q

Magnesium

A

-Helps to stabilize cardiac muscle cells

-Blocks/controls movement of K out of cardiac cells

-Helps stabilize smooth muscle (Muscle and Movement)

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3
Q

Hypomagnesemia: Causes

A

-Diuresis, Gi or renal losses, limited intake (fasting or starvation), alcohol abuse, pancreatitis, hyperglycemia

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4
Q

Hypomagnesemia: S/S

A

-Hyperactive reflexes, confusion, cramps, tremors, seizures

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5
Q

Hypomagnesemia: Treatment

A

-Replace orally or IV

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6
Q

Oral Magnesiamia replacement

A

-Mylanta

-Magnesium sulfate

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7
Q

IV magnesium sulfate

A

-Replace over several days

-Can be IV push if necessary

-Can push if necessary

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8
Q

Hypomagnesemia Cardnial Sign

A

Nystagmus

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9
Q

Magnesium Sulfate and Magnesium Oxide: MOA

A

Replacing Magnesium

IV or PO

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10
Q

MS or MO: Indication

A

Hypomag, prevent/treat seizures, treat cardiac rhythm

Mag Sulfate used to prevent preeclampsia and eclampsia

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11
Q

MS and MO: Adverse Effects

A

-Hypermag: Confusion, sluggish, slow movements, SOA, dizzy and abnormal heart thythem

-Can burn given IV

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12
Q

Hypermagnesemia: Causes

A

Increased intake and renal failure

Person who takes milk of magnesium for constipation and has renal failure

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13
Q

Hypermag: S/S

A

-Lethargy, floppiness, muscle weakness, decreased reflexes, flushed/warm skin, decreased pulse/BP

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14
Q

Hypermag: Treatment

A

-Stop replacement, if chronic disease (dialysis)

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15
Q

Calcium

A

Hypocalcemia <9.0

Hypercalcemia > 10.5

-Hormones released by the thyroid and parathyroid glands are controllers of the amount of calcium that is released from and absorbed into the bone

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16
Q

Majority of calcium is in the

A

The bone 99%

40% protein bound
10% chelated
50% ionized and ready for used

17
Q

Calcium Responsible for

A

Enzyme reactions

Helps in release of hormones, neurotransmitters, and chemical mediators

Effects membrane potentials and nerve excitability

Influences cardiac contractility and automaticity

Necessary for blood clotting (part of clotting cascade)

18
Q

Hypocalcemia: What causes it?

A

Unable to mobilize from bone

Hypoparathryoidsim

Hypomagnesemia

Decreased vitamin D

Thryoid and parathyroid surgery

19
Q

Hypocalcemia: Increased neuromuscular excitability

A

-Parathesias (Numbness and Tingling)

-Muscle cramps

-Bone pain

-Tetany

-Laryngeal spasm

-Hyperactive relfexes

20
Q

Hypocalcemia: Cardiac insufficiency

A

-Prolonged QT interval- can lead to fatal arrhythmia

21
Q

Two distinct signs of hypocalcemia

A

-1. Chvostek’s sign: Ipsilateral twitching of the circumoral muscles in response to gentle tapping of the facial nerve just anterior to the ear

-2. Trousseau’s sing: Carpal spasm upon inflation of the BP cuff to 20 mmHg above the patients systolic blood pressure for three minutes

22
Q

Hypocalcemia: Treatment IV

A

-IV calcium (Only given through central line Vesicant)

  1. Calcium Chloride - Give though central line
  2. Calcium Gluconate - Prefer to give though central line
23
Q

Hypocalcemia: Oral Treatment

A

-Elemental calcium, calcium carbonate (Tums)

-May also need Vit D (Active form in impaired liver or kidney function)

24
Q

Hypercalcemia: Causes

A

-Hyperparathyroidism, cancers

25
Q

Hypercalcemia: S/S

A

-Calcium acts like a sedative, fatigue, lethargy, confusion, weakness, seizure and coma

-Kidney stones

26
Q

Hypercalcemia: Treatment

A

-Adequate Hydration

-Increased urine output

-Diuretic and NaCl

-Dialysis in renal failure

27
Q

Phosphorus

A

Hypophosphatemia <3.0

Hyperphosphatemia >4.5

28
Q

Calcium and Phosphate

A

Inverse relationship

Low serum calcium = High phosphate

29
Q

Phosphorus Found

A

Bone 85% and intracellular 14%

30
Q

Inorganic Phosphorus

A

-Circulating and measured

31
Q

Organic Phosphorus

A

Intracellular

32
Q

Hypophosphatemia: Causes

A

-Decreased absorption

-Antacids overdose

-Diarrhea

-Increased kidney elimination

-Malnutrition (Alcoholism-TPN-Recovery)

33
Q

Hypophosphatemia: Clincial Manifestionations severe

A

-Tremor
-Paresthesia
-Confusion
-Seizure
-Muscles weakness
-Joint stiffness
-Bone Pain

34
Q

Hyperphosphatemia: Causes

A

-Kidney failure
-Laxatives/enemas
-Shift from intra to extracellular compartment
-Hypoparathyroidism

35
Q

Hyperphosphatemia: Clinical manifestations

A

-Usually asymptomatic

-Typically only symptoms of hypocalcemia: Muscle spasms, paresthesia, tetany

36
Q

Hypophosphatemia: Treatment

A

-IV or Oral replacement

-Increase oral intake

-take are with CKD or Hypercalcemia

Increased risk of calcifications

37
Q

Hyperphosphatemia: Treatment

A

-Treat the cause

NUR 325 PATHO (44 decks)

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