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Ntrnl Bchmstry > Nutritional Biochem 2 > Flashcards

Nutritional Biochem 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Essential organic substances in minute amounts

A

Vitamins

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2
Q

Three distinctive characteristics of VItamins

A

Organic compounds:
◦Contain C, H, O
◦Only water soluble has N
◦Some have S and Co

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3
Q

substances that interfere with the normal functioning of a vitamin

A

Antivitamins or vitamin antagonists

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4
Q

man-made or synthesized in the laboratory

A

Synthetic vitamins

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5
Q

multiple forms of a vitamin

A

Vitamers

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6
Q

substances that have physiological roles like vitamins but they are present in larger amounts and partially synthesized in the body

A

Vitamin–like compounds

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7
Q

too much or too little unhealthy

A

Vitamin malnutrition

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8
Q

result of lack of vitamin, later stage -> more defined signs and symptoms

A

Avitaminosis

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9
Q

vitamin toxicity due to excessive accumulation in the body

A

Hypervitaminosis

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10
Q

4 fat soluble vitamins

A

ADEK

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11
Q

11 water soluble vitamins

A 
◦C
(10) B-complex
◦B1: Thiamin
◦B2: Riboflavin
◦B3: Niacin
◦B5: Pyridoxine
Cobalamin
Pantothenicacid
Folic acid
Biotin
Choline
Inositol
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12
Q

Old names of Vitamin A

A

antixerophthalmic vitamin,
anti-infective vitamin,
opthalmin,
axerophtol

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13
Q

Preformed vit A

A

Retinoids (retinal, retinol, retinoic acid)

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14
Q

Provitamin A

A

◦Carotenoids

◦Must be converted to retinoid form

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15
Q

required for structural components of eye

A

Retinoic acid

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16
Q

turns visual light into nerve signals in retina of eye

A

Retinal

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17
Q

is necessary for cellular differentiation

-Important for embryo development, gene expression

A

Retinoic acid

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18
Q

Deficiency of this vit leads to decreased resistance to infections

A

Vitamin A

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19
Q

◦Irreversible blindness
◦Follicular hyperkeratosis
◦Poor growth

A

Xerophthalmia

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20
Q

foamy, soap sud-like spots on the conjunctiva

A

Bitot`sspot

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21
Q

dry, hazy and rough appearing cornea

A

Corneal xerosis

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22
Q

crater-like defect on the cornea

A

Corneal ulcer

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23
Q

Softened cornea; sometimes bulging

A

Keratomalacia

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24
Q

the “Sunshine vitamin” which acts as a steroid hormone

Anti-rachitic or ricket preventive vitamin

A

Vitamin D (Calciferol)

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25
Q

Precursors of vit D in plants

A

Ergosterol

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26
Q

Precursors of vit D in animal’s lipids

A

7-dehydrocholesterol

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27
Q

SOURCES OF VITAMIN D

A

fish liver oils (sardines, salmon and herring)

Fortified dairy and dairy products

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28
Q

Poor sources of vit D

A

Human milk and unfortified cow’s milk

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29
Q

___ Enhances vitamin D absorption

A

Dietary fat

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30
Q

25-Hydroxyvitamin D3is also called _____. (predominant in circulating metabolite)

A

calcidiol

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31
Q

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin
D3 is also called _____.
(the most active form)

A

calcitriol

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32
Q

Facilitates the absorption of calcium during low dietary calcium intake

A

Vit D

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33
Q

Ca binding protein

A

Calbindin

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34
Q

Maintenance of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis

A

Vit D

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35
Q

acts as a hormone binding VDR (vit D receptor proteins) in the nucleusregulates gene expression

A

calcitriol

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36
Q

Vitamin D Deficiency: syndrome (abnormal muscle twitching, cramps, spasms in the wrists and joints)

A

Tetany

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37
Q

Vitamin D Deficiency in children

A

RICKETS

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38
Q

Vitamin D Deficiency in adults

A

OSTEOMALACIA

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39
Q

A disease involving impaired mineralization of the bone
bone pain, muscular tenderness, hypocalcemic tetany
enlargement of the epiphyses of the long bone and rib cage, bowing of the legs, bending of the spine and weak and toneless muscles

A

RICKETS, Knock knees, Rachitic rosary

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40
Q

(more than 25 μg/day (infants & small children) and 50 μg/day (adults)
◦elevated serum calcium and phosphorus, calcinosis of kidney, lungs, ear

A

Hypervitaminosis D

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41
Q

Signs of Excessive Vitamin D Toxicity

A

Excessive calcification of bone
Kidney stones
Hypercalcemia
Headache

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42
Q

Anti-sterility Vitamin

A

Vitamin E

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43
Q

Other name of Vitamin E

A

Tocopherols(to bear child) and tocotrienols

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44
Q

Unit of Measure unit of measure of vitamin E

A

α–tocopherol equivalents (α-TE)
1 mg α-tocopherol= 1 α-TE
◦Beta = x 0.5
◦Gamma = x0.1

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45
Q

SOURCES OF VITAMIN E

A

Plant products (especially oils): raisin bran, almonds, sunflower oil, canola oil, corn oil, soybean oil, asparagus, peanuts

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46
Q

Enhances vit e absorption

A

dietary fat

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47
Q

Readily decompose vitamin E

Oxidation is enhanced in the presence of Pb, Fe, Cu, salts and alkali

A

U.V. exposure and Oxygen

48
Q

Reduces vitamin E potency

A

Rancid Fat

49
Q

Amount of Vitamin E ingested

A

Only 20-30% of ingested vitamin E is absorbed

50
Q

Most important lipid-soluble antioxidant in the cell (cellular antioxidant defense system

A

VITAMIN E

51
Q
  • Prevents the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids

- Reduces the risk of heart disease by protecting LDL against oxidation

A

VITAMIN E

52
Q

◦Selenium containing enzyme
◦Helps breakdown peroxidized fatty acids (that tends to form free radical)
◦Lessen the burden of vitamin E

A

Glutathione peroxidase

53
Q

◦Reacts with peroxide and single oxygen (free radicals)

◦Reduce free radical activity

A

Superoxide dismutase and catalase

54
Q

Vitamin E Deficiency

A
  • Rare but it targets: neuromuscular, vascular and reproductive
  • Cellular level: increase in oxidation of membranecell injury and necrosis
55
Q

Vitamin E Toxicity

A

Least toxic , not largely stored in the body
◦Decreases the body’s utilization of other fat-soluble vitamins
◦may interfere with the function of vitamin K -> hemorrhage
“HypervitaminosisE”

56
Q

Anti-hemorrhagic vitamin

A

Vitakin K

57
Q

Naturally-occuring forms of vit K that is synthesized by green plants ; converted to K2

A

Phylloquinones(K1 series)

58
Q

Naturally-occuring forms of vit K that is synthesized by the intestinal bacteria

A

Menaquinones(K2 series)

59
Q

Naturally-occuring forms of vit K that is twice as potent; metabolized more rapidly

A

Menadione(synthetic)

60
Q

SOURCES OF VITAMIN K

A

High amounts in green leafy vegetables (broccoli, cabbage, turnip greens and dark lettuces)
Low in breastmilk

61
Q

antagonizes the role of vitamin K

A

Anticoagulant drugs (e.g. Dicumarol)

62
Q

Reduce vitamin K synthesis

A

Sulfa drugs and antibiotics

63
Q

May destroy vitamin K

Vitamin K is heat-stable

A

Light, oxidizing agents, acids, and alkalis

64
Q

Essential for the synthesis of several proteins involved in blood clotting

A

Vitamin K

65
Q

Needed for the synthesis of proteins involved in regulating bone growth and cell growth
◦Osteocalcin (requires vit K for its maturation)

A

Vitamin K

66
Q

VItamin K is stable to heat, destroyed easily by light

True or False

A

True

67
Q

Vitamin K Deficiency in newborn

A
  • hemorrhagic disease

- Due to hypoprothrombinemia; could lead to fatal anemia

68
Q

Vitamin K Deficiency in adults

A

delayed blood clotting time, increased incidence of hip fractures in older adults

69
Q

What are the characteristics of Water Soluble Vitamins?

A
  • Soluble in water
  • Simple diffusion (large amount)
  • Through a carrier-mediated process (smaller amounts)
  • Distributed in aqueous phases of the cell
  • Most are not stored in appreciable amounts
  • Essential cofactors or co-substrates of enzymes involved in various aspects of metabolism
70
Q

Ascorbic Acid

A

Vitamin C

71
Q

◦Antiascorbutic vitamin

◦“fresh food” vitamin

A

Vitamin C

72
Q

Biologically active forms of vitamin C

A

◦L-ascorbic acid

◦L-dehydroascorbic acid

73
Q

vitamin C is most easily destroyed (heat, alkali, light, oxygen; Fe & Cu)
True or false

A

True

74
Q

we cannot produce vitamin C because humans lack

A

gulonolactone oxidase

75
Q

Highest amount of vit c in the body

A

liver, adrenal glands, and glandular organs)

76
Q

FUNCTIONS OF VITAMIN C?

A
  1. Antioxidant properties
  2. Formation & maintenance of intercellular cementing substances
  3. Wound healing & fracture healing
  4. Collagen Synthesis
  5. Promotes resistance to infection
77
Q

translocates fatty acid from the cytosol to the mitochondria needed for fatty acid oxidation

A

Carnitine

78
Q

needed to convert carnitine from trimethyllysine

A

Vitamin C

79
Q

Peptide which act as hormones and hormone-releasing factors: oxytocin, cholecystokinin, gastrin

A

Amidated hormones

80
Q

Rich and good sources of vit C

A

◦Plant: Fresh fruits (anonas, bayabas, datiles,cashew, strawberry, melon, papaya, camichile, citrus fruits, mangoes), broccoli, red bell pepper, tomatoes and GLV
◦Animal: kidney and heart

81
Q

◦Legs in “frog’s position”

◦Flexing as a response to tender, painful, and swollen thighs, delayed dentition, and skeletal growth

A

Infantile scurvy

82
Q

Effects of Excessive Vit C Intakes

A
  • Gastrointestinal disturbances and diarrhea
  • Increased possibility of forming renal oxalate and uric stones
  • Can give a false positive urinary glucose test (Db test)
83
Q

Vitamin C Promotes Fe absorption, but Fe can inhibit Cu absorption.
True or false

A

True

84
Q

Vitamin C Prevents binding of Cu to metallothione in intestinal cells.
True or false

A

True

85
Q

Vitamin C Prevents oxidation of tetrahydrofolate, Vit. A and PUFAs.
True or false

A

True

86
Q

High Vit.C -> destroy B12.

True or false

A

True

87
Q

B1 coenzyme

A

TPP

88
Q

B2 coenzyme

A

FAD FMN

89
Q

B3 coenzyme

A

NAD/ NADP

90
Q

B5 coenzyme

A

CoA

91
Q

B6 coenzyme

A

PP

92
Q

B12 coenzyme

A

5’ deoxyadenosylcobalamin

Methylcobalamin

93
Q

Biotin

A

Biocytin

94
Q

Folate

A

tetrahydrofolate

95
Q

VITAMIN B1 is also called

A

THIAMIN/Anti-Beriberi Vitamin

96
Q

Stable in dry form and slightly acidic medium

Sensitive to neutral or alkaline medium, sulfite treatment, high temperature and prolonged cooking

A

Vitamin B1/ Thiamin

97
Q

TPP in GIT is hydrolyzed to ______.

A

thiamin

98
Q

Vitamin B1 all are excreted into the _____.

A

urine

99
Q

TPP is a coenzyme for three mitochondrial enzymes involved in the ____ ____ of ______.

A

oxidative decarboxylation of α-keto acids:
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
Branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase

100
Q
  1. The final common pathway for the oxidation of macronutrients
  2. Major role in gluconeogenesis transamination, deamination, and lipogenesis
A

The TCA Cycle and TPP

101
Q

a group of enzyme which catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA

A

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase complex

102
Q

enzyme that catalyzes in the oxidative decarboxylation of α-keto acids to yield succinyl CoA

A

α-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase

103
Q

enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of α-keto acids from valine, leucine and isoleucine
◦maple syrup urine disease: poor sucking, irregular respiration, periodic rigidity and seizures, appear after infants receive a protein-containing feed

A

Branched-chain α-ketoacid Dehydrogenase

104
Q

TPP is a coenzyme for transketolase (found in the cytosol)
◦Transfer of two-carbon ketol unit from a donor molecule to an acceptor molecule in 2 transketolation reactions
True or false

A

True

105
Q
  • Nerve conduction: controls opening of chloride channels so it could act as a membrane stabilizer
  • Nerve impulse transmission: deficiency of enzyme systems may lead to decreased synthesis of neurotransmitters (GABA, acetylcholine et al)
A

VItamin B1/Thiamin

106
Q

Food Sources of VItamin B1/Thiamin

A
  • Widely distributed, destroyed by heat, oxidation and ionizing radiation
  • TPP: Lean pork, pork liver, pork glandular organs, liver and organ meats of other animals, egg yolk
  • Free Thiamin: unpolished rice, whole grains, legumes, dried yeast, rice bran and wheat germ
107
Q

DEFICIENCY OF THIAMIN Early stage:

A

◦Loss of appetite, weakness, easily fatigued, GIT disturbances (indigestion and severe constipation), poor reflexes, irritability, retarded growth, and numbness of extremities

108
Q

DEFICIENCY OF THIAMIN Later stage:

A

◦Beriberi or Nutritional Polyneuritischanges in GI, cardiovascular, and nervous system
◦Infantile Beriberiin infants 2-5 months whose main nourishment is from a mother with beriberi

109
Q

Type of beri-beri that has edema in the lower extremities which progresses to the body cavities (abdomen and chest); enlarged heart, arrhythmias, breathing difficulty

A

Wet Beriberi

110
Q

Type of beri-beri that has muscle wasting, aphonia, whining cry, cyanosis, difficulty in breathing, may lead to death within a few hours.

A

Dry Beriberi

111
Q

◦Seen in alcoholics (pregnant women with excessive vomiting)
◦Symptoms: short-term memory loss, mental deterioration, disorientation, abnormal perception, jerky eye movements, sudden heart failure if untreated

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

- Vit B1/ Thiamin Deficiency

112
Q

VITAMIN B2 is also called ____.

A

RIBOFLAVIN

113
Q

Vit B2 or riboflavin is a component of coenzyme:

A

◦Flavin mononucleotide (FMN)

◦Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) FADH2

114
Q

Vitamin B2/ Riboflavin converts Tryptophan to ____.

A

Niacin

115
Q

Helps maintain healthy skin, hair, nails, tongue, and mouth (Vitamin C)

A

Vit B2/RIBOFLAVIN

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