Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Ntrnl Bchmstry > Energy > Flashcards

Energy Flashcards

1
Q

can be simply defined as the minimum amount of energy expended that is compatible with life.

A

Basal energy expenditure (BEE)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

– 2/3 of daily energy expenditure of an average person
– essential metabolic process required by the body at rest
– Minimum amount of energy needed to carry out vital processes
- The minimum energy expended to keep a resting, awake body alive

A

Basal Metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

– Amount of energy required for basal metabolic processes per unit of body weight per unit of time (eg.Kcal/kg/hr)

A

Basal Metabolic Rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

– similar to basal metabolism

– measured under actual conditions

A

Resting Metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
  • Capacity to do work

- Needed for involuntary and voluntary activities

A

Energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

amount of heat required to raise the temp of 1 kg H2O to 10C

A

Kcal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Amount of energy needed when 1 kg is moved a distance of 1 m

A

Joule (J)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Conversion: 1 Kcal =

A

4.184 J

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

• Age: BMR is highest at birth up to ___ years of age

A

2 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

• Nutritional Status: Prolonged calorie undernutrition can cause

A

20-30% decrease in BMR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Body composition: The higher the proportion of muscles to fat and bone, the higher

A

the BMR is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

• Body Surface area: Tall person has higher BMR then a short person who has

A

the same weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

• Sex: The BMR of women is ___ to ___% lower than that of men of the same age, height, and weight

A

10-12%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

3 hormones that can cause higher BMR

A

Thyroxine, adrenaline, and stress hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

basal metabolism

A

Basal thermogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Exercise-induced thermogenesis

A

physical activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

thermic effect of food (TEF) or specific dynamic action of food (SDA)

A

Diet-induced thermogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

energy of adaptation (very variable)

A

Adaptive thermogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

• Pregnancy: BMR increases by ___% during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy

A

20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

• Sleep: BMR is slightly ___ during sleep

A

reduced

21
Q

• Body Temperature: a rise in 1 degree F increases BMR by __%; a rise in 1 degree C increases BMR by
__%

A

7%;

13%

22
Q

voluntary movement of the muscles and the support system

A

Physical Activity

23
Q

– Energy used to digest, absorb food nutrients

– Diet-induced thermogenesis

A

Thermic Effect of Food (TEF)

24
Q

Nonvoluntary physical activity
◦Increases in the sympathetic nervous system activity
◦Triggered by overeating or cold environment

A

Adaptive thermogenesis

25
Q

Energy lost as heat

A

Brown adipose tissue

26
Q

◦Measures heat output from the body using an insulated chamber
◦Expensive and complex

A

Direct calorimetry

27
Q

◦Measures the amount of oxygen a person uses
◦A relationship exists between the body’s use of energy and oxygen
◦(1 L O2= 4.85 kcal)

A

Indirect calorimetry

28
Q

◦Consume water containing 2H and 18O

◦Measure isotopes in body fluids

A

Stable isotopes (Doubly labeled water)

29
Q

State in which energy intake, in the form of food and/or alcohol, matches the energy expended, primarily through basal metabolism and physical activity

A

Energy Balance

30
Q

◦Energy intake >energy expended

◦Results in weight gain

A

Positive energy balance

◦Energy intake >energy expended

31
Q

◦Energy intake

A

Negative energy balance

32
Q

What is Obesity?

A

An excess of body fat
STORAGE FAT
ADIPOSE TISSUE

33
Q

lower body fat distribution

A

gynoid: pear shape

34
Q

Upper body fat distribution

A

android: apple shape

35
Q

◦Associated with more heart disease, HPN, Type II Diabetes
◦Abdominal fat is released right into the liver
◦Fat affects liver’s ability to clear insulin and lipoprotein
◦Encouraged by testosterone and excessive alcohol intake
◦Defined as waist measurement of >40” in men and >35” in women

A

Upper-body (android) obesity

36
Q

◦Encouraged by estrogen and progesterone
◦After menopause, upper-body obesity appears
◦Less health risk than upper-body obesity

A

Lower-body (gynecoid) obesity

37
Q
  • As a measurement prior to and during weight loss
  • Reduction in waist circumference, even without significant weight loss, may result in reduction in cardiovascular risks
A

Measurement of Waist Circumference

38
Q

◦Use calipers to measure subcutaneous fat

◦Mathematical formula estimates body composition

A

Skinfold thickness

39
Q

◦Low-energy current to the body that measures the resistance of electrical flow

A

Bioelectrical impedance analysis

40
Q

Desirable amount of body fat for men

A

8 –24% for men

41
Q

Desirable amount of body fat for women

A

21 –35% for women

42
Q

◦Estimate body volume by measuring amount of air displaced when body is in a chamber
◦With body weight, can estimate body density

A

Air displacement (Bod Pod)

43
Q

◦An X-ray body scan that allows for the determination of body fat, fat-free soft tissue, and bone
◦Also used for study of osteoporosis

A

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry

44
Q

Methods on determining TEF:

A

a. Usual or Mixed Diet- 6-10% of Total energy
expenditure
b. High protein Diet- 15% of total energy expenditure
c. High Fat and Carbohydrate Diet- 5% of Total energy
expenditure

45
Q

Respiratory Quotient

CHO

A

1.0

46
Q

Respiratory Quotient

CHON

A

0.8

47
Q

Respiratory Quotient

Fat

A

0.7

48
Q

Respiratory Quotient

Mixed Diet

A

0.85

Ntrnl Bchmstry (31 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions