NREMT Study Deck Flashcards
Blood Pressure
The pressure caused by blood exerting force against the walls of the blood vessels. Usually arterial blood pressure (the pressure in an artery) is measured.
Brachial Artery
Artery of the upper arm; the site of the pulse checked during infant CPR
Bronchi
The two large sets of branches that come off the trachea and enter the lungs. There are right and left bronchi Singular (Bronchus)
Buffer System
A system that helps manage the pH of the body to maintain it at a normal level
Calcaneus
The heel bone
Capillary
A thin-walled, microscopic blood vessel where the oxygen/carbon dioxide and nutrient/waste exchange with the body’s cells takes place
Cardiac Conduction System
A system of specialized muscle tissues that conducts electrical impulses that stimulates the heart to beat
Cardiac Muscle
Specialized involuntary muscle found only in the heart
Cardiovascular System
The system made up of the heart (cardio), and the blood vessels (vascular). Vascular System
Carotid Artery
The large neck arteries, one on each side of the neck, that carry blood from the heart to the head
Carpals
The Wrist bones
Central Nervous System
The brain and the spinal cord
Central Pulses
Carotid Femoral These can be felt in the central part of the body
Clavicle
The collarbone
Coronary Arteries
Blood vessels that supply the muscle of the heart
Myocardium
The heart muscle
Cranium
Consists of: The top The back The sides of the skull
Cricoid Cartilage
The ring-shaped structure that forms the lower portion of the larynx
Dermis
The inner (second) layer of the skin, rich in blood vessels and nerves, found beneath the epidermis
Diaphragm
The muscular structure that divides the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity; a major muscle of respiration
Diastolic Blood Pressure
The pressure in the arteries when the left ventricle is REFILLING
Digestive system
Systems by which food travels through the body and is digested, or broken down, into absorbable forms
Dorsalis Pedis Artery
Artery supplying the foot, lateral to the large tendon of the big toe
Endocrine System
System of glands that produce chemicals called hormones that help to regulate many body activities and functions
Epidermis
The outer layer of the skin
Epiglottis
A leaf shaped structure that prevents food and foreign matter from entering the trachea
Epinephrine
A hormone produced by the body. As a medication, it dilates respiratory passages and is used to relieve severe allergic reactions
Exhalation
A passive process in which the intercostal (rib) muscles and the diaphragm relax, causing the chest cavity to to decrease in size and air to flow out of the lungs
Femoral Artery (FEM-o-ral)
The major artery supplying the leg
Femur (FEE-mer)
The large bone of the thing
Fibula (FIB-u-luh)
The lateral and smaller bone of the lower leg
Gallbladder
A sac on the underside of the liver that stores bile produced by the liver
Humerus
The bone of the upper arm, between the shoulder of the elbow
Hypoperfusion
Inability of the body to adequately circulate blood to the body’s cells to provide them with O2 and nutrients;
Is Hypoperfusion a TRUE life threatening condition?
YES
What is a another name for Hypoperfusion
Shock
Ilium
The superior and widest portion of the pelvis
Inhalation
An ACTIVE process in which the intercostal (rib) muscles and the diaphragm contract, expanding the size of the chest cavity, creating negative pressure in the chest, and and causing air to flow into the lungs
Insulin
A hormone produced by the pancreas or taken as a medication by many diabetics
Involuntary Muscles
Muscles that respond automatically to brain signals but cannot be consciously controlled
Ischium
The lower, posterior portions of the pelvis
Joint
The point where two bones come together
Kidneys
Organs of the renal system used to filter blood and regulate fluid levels of the body
Large Intestine
The muscular tube that removes water from waste products received from the small intestine and moves anything not absorbed by the body towards excretion from the body
Larynx
The voice box
Ligament
Tissue that connects bone to bone
Liver
The largest organ of the body, which produces bile to assist in breakdown of fats and assists in breakdown of fats and assists in the metabolism of various substances in the body
Lungs
The organs where exchange exchange of atmospheric O2 and waste CO2 takes place
Lymphatic System
The system composed of organs, tissues and vessels that helps to maintain the fluid balance of the body and contributes to the body’s immune system
Malleolus
Protrusion on the side of the ankle. Consists of lateral and medial malleolus
Lateral Malleolus
Lateral malleolus - lower end of the fibula, is seen on the OUTER ankle
Medial Malleolus
Medial Malleolus - The lower end of the tibia, as seen on the INNER ankle
Mandible
The lower jawbone
Maxllae
The two fused bones fused, forming the upper jaw
Maubriam
The superior portion of the sternum
Metacarpals
The hand bones
Metatarsals
The foot bones
Muscle
Tissue that can contract to allow movement of a body part
Musculoskeletal System
The system of bones and skeletal muscle that support and protects the body and permits movements
Nasal Bones
The nose bones
Nasopharnyx
The area directly posterior to posterior to the nose
Nervous System
The system of the brain, spinal cord and nerves that govern sensation, movement and thoughts
Orbits
The bony structures around the eyes (the eye sockets
Oropharnyx
The area directly posterior to the mouth
Ovaries
Egg producing organs within the female reproductive system
Pancreas
A gland located behind the stomach that produces insulin and juices that assist in digestion of food in the duodenum of the small intestine
Patella
The knee cap
Pelvis
The basin-shaped bony structure that supports the spine and is the point of proximal attachment for the lower extremities
Penis
The organ of male reproduction responsible for sexual intercourse and the exchange of sperm
Perfusion
The supply of O2 to and removal of waste from the cells and tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries
Peripheral Nervous System
The nerves that center and leave the spinal cord and travel between the brain and organs without passing through the spinal cord
Peripheral Pulses
Consist of: Radial, Brachial, Posterior Tibial and Dorsalis Pedis pulses. These can be felt at peripheral (outlying) points of the body
Phalanges
Toe and finger bones
Pharynx (FAIR-inks)
The area directly posterior to the mouth and nose , It is made up of the oropharynx and the nasopharnyx
Physiology
The study of body function
Plasma
The fluid portion of the blood
Platelets
Components of the blood, membrane-enclosed fragments of specialized cells
Posterior Tibial Artery
Artery supplying blood to the foot, behind the medial ankle
Pubis
The medial anterior pert of the pelvis
Pulmonary Arteries
The vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs
Pulmonary Veins
The veins that carry oxygenated blood from the lunges to the LEFT ATRIUM of the heart
Pulse
The rhythmic beat caused as waves of blood move through the expanded arteries
Radial Artery
Artery of the lower arm; the artery felt when taking the pulse at the thumb side of the wrist
Radius
The lateral bone of the forearm
Red Blood Cells
Components of the blood. They carry O2 to and CO2 away from the cells
Renal System
The body system that regulates fluid balance and the filtration of blood. (aka the Urinary System)
Reproductive System
The body system that is responsible for human reproduction
Respiration
The process of moving O2 and CO2 between circulating blood and the cells
Respiratory System
The system of nose, mouth, throat, lungs, and muscles that brings O2 into the body and expels CO2
Scapula
The shoulder blade
Shock
AKA Hypoperfusion - Inability of the body to adequately circulate blood to the body’s cells to provide them with O2 and nutrients; (A LIFE THREATENING CONDITION)
Skeleton
The bones of the body
Skin
The layer of tissue between the body and the external environment
Skull
The bony structure of the head
Small Intestine
The muscular tube between the stomach and the large intestine, divided into the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum, that receives partially digested food from the stomach and continues digestion. Nutrients are absorbed by the body through its walls
Spleen
An organ located in the left upper quadrant (LUQ) of the abdomen that acts as a blood filtration system and a reservoir for reserves of blood
Sternum
The breastbone
Stomach
Muscular sac between the esophagus and the small intestine where digestion of food begins
Subcutaneous layers
The layers of fat and soft tissues found below the dermis
Systolic Blood Pressure
The pressure created in the arteries when the LEFT VENTRICLE contracts and forces blood out into circulation
Tarsals
The ankle bones
Testes
The male organs or reproduction, used for the production of sperm
Thorax
The chest
Thyroid Cartilage
The wing shaped plate of cartilage that sits anterior to the larynx and forms the Adam’s apple
Tibia
The medial and larger bone of the lower leg
Torso
The trunk of the body; the body without the head and the extremities
Trachea
The “windpipe”; the structure that connects the pharynx to the lungs
Ulna
The medial bone of the forearm
Ureters
The tubes connecting the kidneys to the bladder
Urethra
Tube connecting the bladder to the vagina or penis for excretion of urine
Uterus
Female organ of reproduction used to house the developing fetus
Vagina
The female organ for reproduction used for both sexual intercourse and as an exit from the the uterus for the fetus
Vein
Any blood vessel returning blood to the heart
Venae Cavae
The superior venae cavae and the inferior vena cavae. These two major veins return return blood from the body to the right atrium. (Singular - Vena Cava)
Ventilation
The process of moving gases (O2 and CO2) between inhaled air and the pulmonary circulation of blood
Ventricles
The two lower chambers of the heart. There is a right ventricle (which sends oxygen poor blood to the lungs) and a left ventricle (which sends O2 rich blood to the body)
Venule
The smallest kind of vein
Vertebrae
The 33 bones of the spinal column
Volunary Muscle
Muscle that can be consciously controlled
White Blood Cells
Components of the blood. They produce substances that help the body to fight infection
Xiphoid Process
The inferior portion of the sternum
Zygomatic Arches
Bones that form the structure of the cheeks
Metabolism
The cellular function of converting nutrients into energy
Electrolyte
A substance that when dissolved in H2O, separates into charged particles
Aerobic Metabolism
The cellular process in which O2 is used to metabolize glucose. Energy is produced in an efficient manner, with minimal waste products
Anaerobic Metabolism
The cellular process in which glucose is metabolized into energy without O2. Energy is produced in an INEFFICIENT manner, with many wast products
Patent
Open and clear; Free from Obstruction
Tidal Volume
The volume of air moved in one cycle of breathing
Minute Volume
The amount of air breathed in during each respiration multiplied by the number of breaths per minute
Dead Air Space
Air that occupies the space between the mouth and alveoli but that does not actually reach the area of gas exchange
Chemoreceptors
Chemical sensors in the brain and blood vessels that identify changing levels of O2 and CO2
Plasma Oncotic Pressure
The pull exerted by large proteins in the plasma portion of blood that tends to pull water from the body into the bloodstream
Hydrostatic Pressure
The pressure within a blood vessel that tends to push water out of the vessel
Stretch Receptors
Sensors in blood vessels that identify internal pressure
Systemic Vascular Resistance
The pressure in the peripheral blood vessels that the heart must overcome to pump blood into the system
Stroke Volume
The amount of blood ejected from the heart in one contraction
Cardiac Output
The amount of blood ejected from the heart in one minute (heart rate x stroke volume)
V/Q Match
Ventilation/Perfusion match. This implies that the alveoli are supplied with enough air and that the air in the alveoli is matched with sufficient blood in the pulmonary capillaries to permit optimum exchange of O2 and CO2
Perfusion
The supply of O2 to and removal wastes from the cells and tissues of the body as a resuult of the flow of the blood through the capillary
Hypoperfusion
Inability of the body to inadequately circulate blood to the body’s cells to supply them with O2 and nutrients. A life threatening condition (aka SHOCK)
Shock
Inability of the body to inadequately circulate blood to the body’s cells to supply them with O2 and nutrients. A life threatening condition (aka HYPOPERFUSION)
Diaphoresis
Sweating; Condition of cool, pale, moist/sweaty skin
Dehydration
An abnormally low amount of water in the body
Edema
Swelling associated with the movement of water into the interstitial space
Hypersensitivity
An exaggerated response by the immune system to a particular substance
Pathophysiology
The study of how disease processes affect the function of the body
What structure within a cell contains the genetic blueprint for reproduction?
The nucleus
What is the cellular structure that protects and selectively allows water and other substances into and out of the cell?
Cell membrane
A loss of electrolytes could affect
cardiac muscle depolarization
FiO2
Fraction of inspired O2; the concentration of O2 in the air that we breathe
Preload
How much blood is returned to the heart prior to the contraction; in other words, how much it is filled. The greater the filling of the the heart, the greater the stroke volume
Contractility
The force of contraction-that is, how hard the heart squeezes. The more forcefully the heart squeezes, the greater the stroke volume
Afterload
A function of the systemic vascular resistance. It is how much pressure the heart has to pump against to force blood into the system. The greater the pressure in the system, the lower the stroke volume
Anaerobic Respiration
A type of cell respiration that takes place in Anaerobes, and in which energy is released from glucose and other foods without the presence of O2.
What effect does the lack of O2 have on the cell?
The body must utilize anaerobic metabolism
Cellular Energy (ATP) is important to the cells because it is needed for the operation of the:
Sodium Potassium Pumps
What are the Sodium Potassium Pumps responsible for?
Actively moving ions back and forth across the cell membrane
High level of acid in the body affect the O2 carrying molecules in the blood called
Hemoglobin
To provide adequate quantities of O2 for aerobic metabolism to occur, inhaled air must reach the alveoli of the lungs and the blood must reach the
capillaries that surround the alveoli
When lung tissue is displaced or destroyed by mechanical force, it cannot exchange:
Gas
How will Bradycardia affect the cardiac output?
The cardiac output will decrease The method of figuring this out is that the cardiac output is the amount of blood moved through the heart in one minute (HR x SV). Therefore, it will decrease if the pulse slows
Excessive permeability is a condition that affects the
Capillaries
What is the effect of HYPOperfusion the cellular level?
Acids and waste products accumulate, damaging the cells
What is Decompensated Shock also known as?
Hypotensive Shock. Occurs when compensatory mechanisms have not been successful or have subsequently failed in their effort to sustain perfusion is also known as hypotensive shock
When a patient is going into decompensated shock, what is the one major noticeable change in vital signs?
Hypotension
Swelling that is associated with the movement of water into the interstitial space is called?
Edema
Which of the following is most likely to signal neurological impairment? 1. Fall injury 2. Long Bone Fracture 3. Seizures 4. Irregular pulse rate
- Seizures This is a common sign of neurological impairment
Most commonly, the combination of nausea - which may lead to vomiting - and diarrhea is caused by: 1. Compensated injuries 2. Compensated shock 3. A viral or bacterial infection 4. A fluid imbalance
- A viral or bacterial imbalance
Meningitis
An infection of the protective layers of the brain and spinal cord
Which of the following conditions would most likely lead to shock? 1. Diarrhea 2. Headache 3. Hypertension 4. Tachycardia
- Diarrhea This would be due to loss of fluid
If your patient has a drop in their respiratory rate due to a drug overdose, what is going to be the result when talking about their minute rate?
Their minute rate is going to drop
What is anemia?
a condition marked by a deficiency of red blood cells or of hemoglobin in the blood, resulting in pallor and weariness
What does severe sepsis change about the thin wall between the alveoli and the alveolar capillaries?
It’s permeability
What is a cell’s internally created fuel that is responsible for powering all of the other cellular functions
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
An organ transplant can suppress the normal functions of: A. kidneys B. adrenal glands C. thyroid D. testes
B. Adrenal glands This is due to medications that the patient is taking after the transplant
Endocrine disorders generally involve too many or not enough: A. Hormones B. Blood Cells C. Glands D. Nerves
A. Hormones
The cellular structure that is responsible for synthesizing proteins is the: 1. Mitochondria 2. Sodium Pump 3. Nucleus 4. Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
Your patient has been performing landscaping on a hot, humid summer day when he suddenly becomes dizzy and feels he may faint. This disruption is most likely caused by:
Dehydration
Certain blood vessels that contain specialized sensors that detect the level of internal pressure and transmits to the nervous system, which then triggers the smooth muscles in the vessel walls to make any needed size adjustments. The sensors are called: 1. Pressure Receptors 2. Stretch Receptors 3. Chemo Receptors 4. Volume Receptors
- Stretch Receptors
The human body is made up of ______% of water
60%
Preload
The amount of blood that is returned to the heart prior to the next heart contraction
Contractility
The force of the contraction of the heart
Afterload
A function of systemic resistance. It is how much pressure the heart has to pump against to force blood out into the system.
When carbon dioxide is not exchanged, the net result is high carbon dioxide, a condition called ________, within the body.
Hypercapnia
The respiratory system moves air in and out; however in order to __________ cells, the air that is inhaled, must meet up with the circulatory system
Perfuse
Meningitis
Infection of the protective layer of the brain and spinal cord
Encephalitis
Infection of the brain itself
Hypovolemic Shock
(Hypovolemia) - Low Blood Volume; Occurs when blood is lost from the Cardiovascular system (such as in severe bleeding), or when the volume portion of the blood is lost (as in dehydration). In this case, too little volume leads to reduced pressure in the cardiovascular system. Without, adequate pressure, the heart has great difficulty pumping blood to all the necessary regions of the body, and cells become hypoperfused. Lost blood also leads to lost oxygen-carrying capacity, furthering the oxygen deficit in the cells.
Distributive Shock
In distributive shock, blood vessel tone is lost. The smooth muscle in the vessels loses its ability to maintain a normal diameter. Conditions such as anaphylaxis, or sepsis cause normally constricted vessels to dilate, and as a result, pressure within the system is reduced. With low pressure the blood cannot efficiently be pumped and blood flow to the cells is diminished. Hypoperfusion is the net result
What is the net result of Distributed Shock if not handled in a timely fashion?
Hypoperfusion
Cardiogenic Shock
In this form of shock, the heart fails in its ability to pump blood. Conditions such as myocardial infarction or trauma can lead to either an electrical problem such as a dysrhythmia, or a mechanical problem such as damage to the heart muscle itself. In either case, the pump fails and the cardiac output suffers. Hypoperfusion occurs when the heart can no longer maintain the pressure in the cardiovascular system and blood fails to be pumped to the cells
Obstructive Shock
Occasionally blood is physically prevented from flowing. In conditions such as tension pneumothorax, pericardial tamponade, and pulmonary embolism, large quantities of blood are prevented from reaching essential organs and vital areas. Hypoperfusion occurs as these organs and vital areas go without the blood they need.
Stages of Shock are:
- Non-Progressive 2. Progressive Stage 3. Irreversible Stage
Infancy
Stage of life = Birth - 1 year
Moro reflex
Seen in a child in Child in Infancy stage - A response to being startled in which the infant throws out both arms, spreads the fingers, then grabs with fingers and arms
Palmar reflex
Seen in a Child in infancy stage - A grasping reflex in which an infant grabs onto a finger placed in the infant’s palm
Rooting Reflex
Seen in Infant - Reflex response in which a hungry infant automatically turns toward the stimulus when the cheek or one side of the mouth is touched
Sucking reflex
Seen in infant - Reflex in which stroking a hungry infant’s lips causes the infant to start sucking
Heart Rate for Newborn
100-170
Heart Rate for Infant up to 1 Year Old
90-160
Respiratory Rate for Infant
30-60/minute
Respiratory Rate for up to 1 year old
24-30/minute
Systolic BP for infant
50-70
Systolic BP for up to 1 year old
About 90
Bonding
Formation of close relationship through frequent association
Trust vs Mistrust
Concept developed from an orderly, predicatble environment versus a disorderly, irregular environment
Scaffolding
Building on what one already knows
Temperament
The infant’s nature or personality, especially in terms of responding to the environment
Toddler Phase
12 - 36 months
Toddler normal Heart Rate
80-140
Toddler normal Respiration Rate
24-40/minute
Toddler normal Systolic BP
90+ (age in years x 2) So in a 2 y/o (90+(2x2=4)4 = 94)
Preschool Age
3-5 y/o
Preschool Normal Heart Rate
70-120/minute
Preschool Normal Respiratory Rate
22-34/minute
School Age
6-12 y/o
School Age Heart Rate
65-120/minute
School Age Respiratory Rate
18-30/minute
Adolescence
13-18 y/o
Adolescence Heart Rate
60-100/min
Adolescence Respiratory Rate
12-20/minute
Adolescence Systolic BP
107-117
Early Adulthood
19-40 y/o
Early Adulthood Heart Rate
60-100/minute
Early Adulthood Respiratory Rate
12-20/minute
Early Adulthood Systolic BP
<120
Middle Adulthood
41-60 y/o
Late Adulthood
61 and older
Late Adulthood
61 and older
Middle Adulthood
41-60 y/o
Early Adulthood Systolic BP
<120
Early Adulthood Respiratory Rate
12-20/minute
Early Adulthood Heart Rate
60-100/minute
Early Adulthood
19-40 y/o
Adolescence Systolic BP
107-117
Adolescence Respiratory Rate
12-20/minute
Adolescence Heart Rate
60-100/min
Adolescence
13-18 y/o
School Age Respiratory Rate
18-30/minute
School Age Heart Rate
65-120/minute
School Age
6-12 y/o
Preschool Normal Respiratory Rate
22-34/minute
Preschool Normal Heart Rate
70-120/minute
Preschool Age
3-5 y/o
Toddler normal Systolic BP
90+ (age in years x 2) So in a 2 y/o (90+(2x2=4)4 = 94)
Toddler normal Respiration Rate
24-40/minute
Toddler normal Heart Rate
80-140
Toddler Phase
12 - 36 months
Temperament
The infant’s nature or personality, especially in terms of responding to the environment
Scaffolding
Building on what one already knows
Trust vs Mistrust
Concept developed from an orderly, predicatble environment versus a disorderly, irregular environment
Bonding
Formation of close relationship through frequent association
Systolic BP for up to 1 year old
About 90
Systolic BP for infant
50-70
Respiratory Rate for up to 1 year old
24-30/minute
Respiratory Rate for Infant
30-60/minute
Heart Rate for Infant up to 1 Year Old
90-160
Heart Rate for Newborn
100-170
Sucking reflex
Seen in infant - Reflex in which stroking a hungry infant’s lips causes the infant to start sucking
Rooting Reflex
Seen in Infant - Reflex response in which a hungry infant automatically turns toward the stimulus when the cheek or one side of the mouth is touched
Palmar reflex
Seen in a Child in infancy stage - A grasping reflex in which an infant grabs onto a finger placed in the infant’s palm
Moro reflex
Seen in a child in Child in Infancy stage - A response to being startled in which the infant throws out both arms, spreads the fingers, then grabs with fingers and arms
Infancy
Stage of life = Birth - 1 year
Airway
The passageway by which air enters and leaves the body. The structures of the airway are the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs
Patent airway
An airway (passage from nose or mouth to lungs) that is open and clear and will remain open and clear and will remain open and clear without interference to the passage of air into and out of the body
Glottic opening
The level of the vocal cords that defines the boundary between the upper and lower airways
Esophagus
Lies posterior to the Trachea
Broncioles
Structures just proximal to the alveoli
Brochoconstriction
The contraction of the smooth muscle in the bronchial passages
The ___________ is the most common cause of airway obstruction
Tongue
Bronchoconstriction
The contraction of smooth muscles that line the bronchial passages that results in a decreased internal diameter of the airway and increased resistance to airflow
Stridor
A high pitched sound generated from partially obstructed airflow in the upper airway
You approach a patient and speak with the patient. She says “Thank you for coming.” BASED ON THIS INFORMATION ONLY - What do you know about the status of her airway?
It is open, and she is capable of moving air right now
Hoarseness
Can be indicative of a narrowing of the upper airway (especially if this is something that came on suddenly)
Snoring
This is the sound of the soft tissue of the upper airway creating impedance (partial obstruction) to the flow of air to the patient
Gurgling
The sound of fluid obstructing the airway
You are at a restaurant and another patron in the restaurant suddenly jumps up and grasps their throat. You immediately ask if they can breath or speak. They just their head “no.” They appear unable to breath. Based on this information only, how would you identify their airway?
These are signs of an INADEQUATE airway
What two questions do you want to ask yourself when assessing an airway?
- Is their airway open? 2. Will their airway STAY open?
Which of these patients has an open airway, but is still at risk for airway compromise? 1. A patient who overdosed on Opioids, his breathing WAS 4-6 BBM, we administered NARCAN, he is now A&O (can be x 1, 2, or 3) and now is breathing 16 BBM 2. A patient rescued from a structure fire, has facial burns, is coughing up black, sooty sputum. 3. A Patient who panicked in the swimming pool, swallowed water, was coughing, but is not coughing now and has good BBM 4. A patient who started to snore after falling asleep, but after you being called, and you making contact with the patient, they are annoyed, but A&O x 3
- A patient rescued from a structure fire, has facial burns, is coughing up black, sooty sputum.
Which of these patients has an open airway, but is still at risk for airway compromise 1. Patient who is talking clearly, but is hoarse and throat hurts after screaming for hours at a concert 2. A conscious patient with diminished lung sounds and nasal flaring 3. Patient who was complaining of tightness in cheat, but took Benadryl and now feels “ok” 4. Patient who took a drink of water, aspirated a little of it, choked, coughed and is no longer coughing
- A conscious patient with diminished lung sounds and nasal flaring
Your patient is a child with retractions, nasal flaring, and AMS. These are signs that the patient has what?
An inadequate airway
As you listened to a patient’s chest, what would indicate an inadequate airway?
Diminished breath sounds
When opening the airway of a patient what maneuver do you use?
Head Tilt, Chin Lift
When opening the airway of a patient with suspected spinal injury, what maneuver would you use?
You use the jaw thrust maneuver
For which of these patients would the head tilt, chin-lift maneuver be most appropriate to open the airway? 1. A conscious, alert adult who is talking in short, choppy sentences 2. An infant who is crying very loudly because of an earache 3. An adult who was found lying prone and bruised at the base of a stairway 4. An unconscious, adult overdose victim who was found in his bed
- An unconscious, adult overdose victim who was found in his bed
Head-tilt, Chin-lift Maneuver
A means of correcting blockage of the airway by the tongue by tilting the head back and lifting the chin. (Used when no trauma or injury is suspected)
Jaw-Thrust Maneuver
A means of correcting blockage of the airway by moving the jaw forward without tilting the head or neck. Used when trauma or injury is suspected to open the airway without causing further injury injury to the spinal cord in the neck
How do you clear a choking infants airway?
- Pick up the infant, and supporting the infant in one hand and forearm, while also supporting the chin (head tilted lower than the body) 2. Do 5 back slaps with the palm of your hand (this is NOT the time to be gentle) 3. Put the child supine, and perform 5 chest thrusts Repeat as many times as necessary to clear the airway
When sizing an NPA (Nasopharyngeal Airway), what is the proper way to conduct this measurement?
Measure from the tip of the patients nose to the tip of the earlobe (or angle of the jaw)
Oropharyngeal Airway
A curved device inserted through the patients mouth into the pharynx to help maintain an open airway
Nasopharyngeal Airway
A flexible breathing tube inserted through the patients nostril into the pharynx to help maintain an open airway
Gag reflex
Vomiting or retching that results when something is placed in the back of the pharynx. This is tied to the swallow reflex
When inserting an airway, what is something that you always want to ensure that you do (other than measuring the device)
Have suction ready in the case of the patient vomiting
What technique would you use when inserting an OPA?
Crossed-finger technique
How do you initially insert the OPA?
Insert the OPA facing the roof of the mouth
You inserted the OPA as you have been taught. What is the next thing that you would do, and when would you do this part of the task?
After getting resistance from the soft palate, you will rotate the OPA from the “tip up” position, 180 degrees and then you will continue advancing the OPA until it rests on the lips of the patient
After you have completed all of the steps of the OPA insertion, what would you do if the patient regains consciousness OR if a gag reflex is present?
REMOVE the OPA IMMEDIATELY (this is where your having the Suction present comes into play)
The removal of a liquid foreign body from an airway would require WHAT adjunct?
Suctioning
When suctioning a patient which of the following would not normally be needed? 1. Gown 2. Eye Protection 3. Gloves 4. Mask
- Gown
When should suction be applied to the catheter? 1. As you insert it and as you remove it 2. As you insert it 3. As you remove it 4. Before you insert it
- As you remove it
Suctioning
Use of a vacuum device to remove blood, vomitus, and other secretions or foreign materials from the airway
What is the first rule of suctioning
Always use appropriate infection control techniques
What is the second rule of suctioning
Limit suctioning to NO LONGER THAN 10 SECONDS AT A TIME
What is the third rule of suctioning
Place the tip/catheter where you want to suction and suction on the way OUT
When a collecting tube is clamped, a suctioning system must be able to generate no less than what? 1) 300 mmHg 2. 200 mmHg 3. 500 mmHg 4. 400 mmHg
1) 300 mmHg
A proper technique of suctioning includes 1. Inserting the tip of the rigid catheter approximately 2 cm past the base of the tongue. 2. Inserting the catheter no farther than the base of the tongue. 3. Suctioning while inserting the catheter into the patient’s mouth. 4. Positioning yourself at the patient’s side.
- Inserting the catheter no farther than the base of the tongue.
Your patient has a skull fracture and it has caused brain tissue to be visible in the pharynx during your inspection of the patient’s airway. What type of special consideration and action would be needed in this case?
Suctioning should be limited to the mouth
What large leaf-like object covers the glottic opening which seals off the trachea during swallowing or in response to a gag reflex
Epiglottis
What should be done with dentures?
Leave them in place if at all possible. If there is a danger of them coming dislodged, then remove them
What is the most important thing to consider when determining the need to suction
Constant observance of the patient
During bronchoconstriction, the smooth muscles that line the bronchial passages contracts, resulting in a decrease of the internal diameter of the airway and an increase of
Resistance to airflow
Carina
The branch in the bronchus where the bronchus splits to the left and right bronchioles
Suctioning is used to correct 1. Stridor 2. Foreign body obstruction 3. Hypoxia 4. Fluid in the upper airway
- Fluid in the upper airway
When an infant is unconscious in bed, what procedure should the EMT use to open the airway?
Head-tilt, chin lift
All of the following can result in airway obstructions except 1. facial trauma 2. infections 3. burns 4. the tongue
- the tongue
When opening the airway of a patient what maneuver do you use?
Head Tilt, Chin Lift
As you listened to a patient’s chest, what would indicate an inadequate airway?
Diminished breath sounds
Your patient is a child with retractions, nasal flaring, and AMS. These are signs that the patient has what?
An inadequate airway
Which of these patients has an open airway, but is still at risk for airway compromise 1. Patient who is talking clearly, but is hoarse and throat hurts after screaming for hours at a concert 2. A conscious patient with diminished lung sounds and nasal flaring 3. Patient who was complaining of tightness in cheat, but took Benadryl and now feels “ok” 4. Patient who took a drink of water, aspirated a little of it, choked, coughed and is no longer coughing
- A conscious patient with diminished lung sounds and nasal flaring
Which of these patients has an open airway, but is still at risk for airway compromise? 1. A patient who overdosed on Opioids, his breathing WAS 4-6 BBM, we administered NARCAN, he is now A&O (can be x 1, 2, or 3) and now is breathing 16 BBM 2. A patient rescued from a structure fire, has facial burns, is coughing up black, sooty sputum. 3. A Patient who panicked in the swimming pool, swallowed water, was coughing, but is not coughing now and has good BBM 4. A patient who started to snore after falling asleep, but after you being called, and you making contact with the patient, they are annoyed, but A&O x 3
- A patient rescued from a structure fire, has facial burns, is coughing up black, sooty sputum.
What two questions do you want to ask yourself when assessing an airway?
- Is their airway open? 2. Will their airway STAY open?
You are at a restaurant and another patron in the restaurant suddenly jumps up and grasps their throat. You immediately ask if they can breath or speak. They just their head “no.” They appear unable to breath. Based on this information only, how would you identify their airway?
These are signs of an INADEQUATE airway
Gurgling
The sound of fluid obstructing the airway
Snoring
This is the sound of the soft tissue of the upper airway creating impedance (partial obstruction) to the flow of air to the patient
Hoarseness
Can be indicative of a narrowing of the upper airway (especially if this is something that came on suddenly)
You approach a patient and speak with the patient. She says “Thank you for coming.” BASED ON THIS INFORMATION ONLY - What do you know about the status of her airway?
It is open, and she is capable of moving air right now
Stridor
A high pitched sound generated from partially obstructed airflow in the upper airway
Bronchoconstriction
The contraction of smooth muscles that line the bronchial passages that results in a decreased internal diameter of the airway and increased resistance to airflow
The ___________ is the most common cause of airway obstruction
Tongue
Brochoconstriction
The contraction of the smooth muscle in the bronchial passages
Broncioles
Structures just proximal to the alveoli
Esophagus
Lies posterior to the Trachea
How do you clear a choking infants airway?
- Pick up the infant, and supporting the infant in one hand and forearm, while also supporting the chin (head tilted lower than the body) 2. Do 5 back slaps with the palm of your hand (this is NOT the time to be gentle) 3. Put the child supine, and perform 5 chest thrusts Repeat as many times as necessary to clear the airway
After you have completed all of the steps of the OPA insertion, what would you do if the patient regains consciousness OR if a gag reflex is present?
REMOVE the OPA IMMEDIATELY (this is where your having the Suction present comes into play)
The removal of a liquid foreign body from an airway would require WHAT adjunct?
Suctioning
When suctioning a patient which of the following would not normally be needed? 1. Gown 2. Eye Protection 3. Gloves 4. Mask
- Gown
When should suction be applied to the catheter? 1. As you insert it and as you remove it 2. As you insert it 3. As you remove it 4. Before you insert it
- As you remove it
Suctioning
Use of a vacuum device to remove blood, vomitus, and other secretions or foreign materials from the airway
What is the first rule of suctioning
Always use appropriate infection control techniques
What is the second rule of suctioning
Limit suctioning to NO LONGER THAN 10 SECONDS AT A TIME
What is the third rule of suctioning
Place the tip/catheter where you want to suction and suction on the way OUT
When a collecting tube is clamped, a suctioning system must be able to generate no less than what? 1) 300 mmHg 2. 200 mmHg 3. 500 mmHg 4. 400 mmHg
1) 300 mmHg
A proper technique of suctioning includes 1. Inserting the tip of the rigid catheter approximately 2 cm past the base of the tongue. 2. Inserting the catheter no farther than the base of the tongue. 3. Suctioning while inserting the catheter into the patient’s mouth. 4. Positioning yourself at the patient’s side.
- Inserting the catheter no farther than the base of the tongue.
Your patient has a skull fracture and it has caused brain tissue to be visible in the pharynx during your inspection of the patient’s airway. What type of special consideration and action would be needed in this case?
Suctioning should be limited to the mouth
What large leaf-like object covers the glottic opening which seals off the trachea during swallowing or in response to a gag reflex
Epiglottis
What should be done with dentures?
Leave them in place if at all possible. If there is a danger of them coming dislodged, then remove them
What is the most important thing to consider when determining the need to suction
Constant observance of the patient
During bronchoconstriction, the smooth muscles that line the bronchial passages contracts, resulting in a decrease of the internal diameter of the airway and an increase of
Resistance to airflow
Carina
The branch in the bronchus where the bronchus splits to the left and right bronchioles
Suctioning is used to correct 1. Stridor 2. Foreign body obstruction 3. Hypoxia 4. Fluid in the upper airway
- Fluid in the upper airway
When an infant is unconscious in bed, what procedure should the EMT use to open the airway?
Head-tilt, chin lift
All of the following can result in airway obstructions except 1. facial trauma 2. infections 3. burns 4. the tongue
- the tongue
You inserted the OPA as you have been taught. What is the next thing that you would do, and when would you do this part of the task?
After getting resistance from the soft palate, you will rotate the OPA from the “tip up” position, 180 degrees and then you will continue advancing the OPA until it rests on the lips of the patient
How do you initially insert the OPA?
Insert the OPA facing the roof of the mouth
What technique would you use when inserting an OPA?
Crossed-finger technique
When inserting an airway, what is something that you always want to ensure that you do (other than measuring the device)
Have suction ready in the case of the patient vomiting
Gag reflex
Vomiting or retching that results when something is placed in the back of the pharynx. This is tied to the swallow reflex
Nasopharyngeal Airway
A flexible breathing tube inserted through the patients nostril into the pharynx to help maintain an open airway
Oropharyngeal Airway
A curved device inserted through the patients mouth into the pharynx to help maintain an open airway
When sizing an NPA (Nasopharyngeal Airway), what is the proper way to conduct this measurement?
Measure from the tip of the patients nose to the tip of the earlobe (or angle of the jaw)
Jaw-Thrust Maneuver
A means of correcting blockage of the airway by moving the jaw forward without tilting the head or neck. Used when trauma or injury is suspected to open the airway without causing further injury injury to the spinal cord in the neck
Head-tilt, Chin-lift Maneuver
A means of correcting blockage of the airway by the tongue by tilting the head back and lifting the chin. (Used when no trauma or injury is suspected)
For which of these patients would the head tilt, chin-lift maneuver be most appropriate to open the airway? 1. A conscious, alert adult who is talking in short, choppy sentences 2. An infant who is crying very loudly because of an earache 3. An adult who was found lying prone and bruised at the base of a stairway 4. An unconscious, adult overdose victim who was found in his bed
- An unconscious, adult overdose victim who was found in his bed
When opening the airway of a patient with suspected spinal injury, what maneuver would you use?
You use the jaw thrust maneuver
When opening the airway of a patient what maneuver do you use?
Head Tilt, Chin Lift
As you listened to a patient’s chest, what would indicate an inadequate airway?
Diminished breath sounds
Your patient is a child with retractions, nasal flaring, and AMS. These are signs that the patient has what?
An inadequate airway
Which of these patients has an open airway, but is still at risk for airway compromise 1. Patient who is talking clearly, but is hoarse and throat hurts after screaming for hours at a concert 2. A conscious patient with diminished lung sounds and nasal flaring 3. Patient who was complaining of tightness in cheat, but took Benadryl and now feels “ok” 4. Patient who took a drink of water, aspirated a little of it, choked, coughed and is no longer coughing
- A conscious patient with diminished lung sounds and nasal flaring
Which of these patients has an open airway, but is still at risk for airway compromise? 1. A patient who overdosed on Opioids, his breathing WAS 4-6 BBM, we administered NARCAN, he is now A&O (can be x 1, 2, or 3) and now is breathing 16 BBM 2. A patient rescued from a structure fire, has facial burns, is coughing up black, sooty sputum. 3. A Patient who panicked in the swimming pool, swallowed water, was coughing, but is not coughing now and has good BBM 4. A patient who started to snore after falling asleep, but after you being called, and you making contact with the patient, they are annoyed, but A&O x 3
- A patient rescued from a structure fire, has facial burns, is coughing up black, sooty sputum.
What two questions do you want to ask yourself when assessing an airway?
- Is their airway open? 2. Will their airway STAY open?
You are at a restaurant and another patron in the restaurant suddenly jumps up and grasps their throat. You immediately ask if they can breath or speak. They just their head “no.” They appear unable to breath. Based on this information only, how would you identify their airway?
These are signs of an INADEQUATE airway
Gurgling
The sound of fluid obstructing the airway
Snoring
This is the sound of the soft tissue of the upper airway creating impedance (partial obstruction) to the flow of air to the patient
Hoarseness
Can be indicative of a narrowing of the upper airway (especially if this is something that came on suddenly)
You approach a patient and speak with the patient. She says “Thank you for coming.” BASED ON THIS INFORMATION ONLY - What do you know about the status of her airway?
It is open, and she is capable of moving air right now
Stridor
A high pitched sound generated from partially obstructed airflow in the upper airway
Bronchoconstriction
The contraction of smooth muscles that line the bronchial passages that results in a decreased internal diameter of the airway and increased resistance to airflow
The ___________ is the most common cause of airway obstruction
Tongue
Brochoconstriction
The contraction of the smooth muscle in the bronchial passages
Broncioles
Structures just proximal to the alveoli
Esophagus
Lies posterior to the Trachea
Glottic opening
The level of the vocal cords that defines the boundary between the upper and lower airways
Glottic opening
The level of the vocal cords that defines the boundary between the upper and lower airways
All of the following can result in airway obstructions except 1. facial trauma 2. infections 3. burns 4. the tongue
- the tongue
When an infant is unconscious in bed, what procedure should the EMT use to open the airway?
Head-tilt, chin lift
Suctioning is used to correct 1. Stridor 2. Foreign body obstruction 3. Hypoxia 4. Fluid in the upper airway
- Fluid in the upper airway
Carina
The branch in the bronchus where the bronchus splits to the left and right bronchioles
During bronchoconstriction, the smooth muscles that line the bronchial passages contracts, resulting in a decrease of the internal diameter of the airway and an increase of
Resistance to airflow
What is the most important thing to consider when determining the need to suction
Constant observance of the patient
What should be done with dentures?
Leave them in place if at all possible. If there is a danger of them coming dislodged, then remove them
What large leaf-like object covers the glottic opening which seals off the trachea during swallowing or in response to a gag reflex
Epiglottis
Your patient has a skull fracture and it has caused brain tissue to be visible in the pharynx during your inspection of the patient’s airway. What type of special consideration and action would be needed in this case?
Suctioning should be limited to the mouth
A proper technique of suctioning includes 1. Inserting the tip of the rigid catheter approximately 2 cm past the base of the tongue. 2. Inserting the catheter no farther than the base of the tongue. 3. Suctioning while inserting the catheter into the patient’s mouth. 4. Positioning yourself at the patient’s side.
- Inserting the catheter no farther than the base of the tongue.
When a collecting tube is clamped, a suctioning system must be able to generate no less than what? 1) 300 mmHg 2. 200 mmHg 3. 500 mmHg 4. 400 mmHg
1) 300 mmHg
What is the third rule of suctioning
Place the tip/catheter where you want to suction and suction on the way OUT
What is the second rule of suctioning
Limit suctioning to NO LONGER THAN 10 SECONDS AT A TIME
What is the first rule of suctioning
Always use appropriate infection control techniques
Suctioning
Use of a vacuum device to remove blood, vomitus, and other secretions or foreign materials from the airway
When should suction be applied to the catheter? 1. As you insert it and as you remove it 2. As you insert it 3. As you remove it 4. Before you insert it
- As you remove it
When suctioning a patient which of the following would not normally be needed? 1. Gown 2. Eye Protection 3. Gloves 4. Mask
- Gown
The removal of a liquid foreign body from an airway would require WHAT adjunct?
Suctioning
After you have completed all of the steps of the OPA insertion, what would you do if the patient regains consciousness OR if a gag reflex is present?
REMOVE the OPA IMMEDIATELY (this is where your having the Suction present comes into play)
You inserted the OPA as you have been taught. What is the next thing that you would do, and when would you do this part of the task?
After getting resistance from the soft palate, you will rotate the OPA from the “tip up” position, 180 degrees and then you will continue advancing the OPA until it rests on the lips of the patient
How do you initially insert the OPA?
Insert the OPA facing the roof of the mouth
What technique would you use when inserting an OPA?
Crossed-finger technique
When inserting an airway, what is something that you always want to ensure that you do (other than measuring the device)
Have suction ready in the case of the patient vomiting
Gag reflex
Vomiting or retching that results when something is placed in the back of the pharynx. This is tied to the swallow reflex
Nasopharyngeal Airway
A flexible breathing tube inserted through the patients nostril into the pharynx to help maintain an open airway
Oropharyngeal Airway
A curved device inserted through the patients mouth into the pharynx to help maintain an open airway
When sizing an NPA (Nasopharyngeal Airway), what is the proper way to conduct this measurement?
Measure from the tip of the patients nose to the tip of the earlobe (or angle of the jaw)
How do you clear a choking infants airway?
- Pick up the infant, and supporting the infant in one hand and forearm, while also supporting the chin (head tilted lower than the body) 2. Do 5 back slaps with the palm of your hand (this is NOT the time to be gentle) 3. Put the child supine, and perform 5 chest thrusts Repeat as many times as necessary to clear the airway
Jaw-Thrust Maneuver
A means of correcting blockage of the airway by moving the jaw forward without tilting the head or neck. Used when trauma or injury is suspected to open the airway without causing further injury injury to the spinal cord in the neck
Head-tilt, Chin-lift Maneuver
A means of correcting blockage of the airway by the tongue by tilting the head back and lifting the chin. (Used when no trauma or injury is suspected)
For which of these patients would the head tilt, chin-lift maneuver be most appropriate to open the airway? 1. A conscious, alert adult who is talking in short, choppy sentences 2. An infant who is crying very loudly because of an earache 3. An adult who was found lying prone and bruised at the base of a stairway 4. An unconscious, adult overdose victim who was found in his bed
- An unconscious, adult overdose victim who was found in his bed
When opening the airway of a patient with suspected spinal injury, what maneuver would you use?
You use the jaw thrust maneuver
When opening the airway of a patient what maneuver do you use?
Head Tilt, Chin Lift
As you listened to a patient’s chest, what would indicate an inadequate airway?
Diminished breath sounds
Your patient is a child with retractions, nasal flaring, and AMS. These are signs that the patient has what?
An inadequate airway
Which of these patients has an open airway, but is still at risk for airway compromise 1. Patient who is talking clearly, but is hoarse and throat hurts after screaming for hours at a concert 2. A conscious patient with diminished lung sounds and nasal flaring 3. Patient who was complaining of tightness in cheat, but took Benadryl and now feels “ok” 4. Patient who took a drink of water, aspirated a little of it, choked, coughed and is no longer coughing
- A conscious patient with diminished lung sounds and nasal flaring
Which of these patients has an open airway, but is still at risk for airway compromise? 1. A patient who overdosed on Opioids, his breathing WAS 4-6 BBM, we administered NARCAN, he is now A&O (can be x 1, 2, or 3) and now is breathing 16 BBM 2. A patient rescued from a structure fire, has facial burns, is coughing up black, sooty sputum. 3. A Patient who panicked in the swimming pool, swallowed water, was coughing, but is not coughing now and has good BBM 4. A patient who started to snore after falling asleep, but after you being called, and you making contact with the patient, they are annoyed, but A&O x 3
- A patient rescued from a structure fire, has facial burns, is coughing up black, sooty sputum.
What two questions do you want to ask yourself when assessing an airway?
- Is their airway open? 2. Will their airway STAY open?
You are at a restaurant and another patron in the restaurant suddenly jumps up and grasps their throat. You immediately ask if they can breath or speak. They just their head “no.” They appear unable to breath. Based on this information only, how would you identify their airway?
These are signs of an INADEQUATE airway
Gurgling
The sound of fluid obstructing the airway
Snoring
This is the sound of the soft tissue of the upper airway creating impedance (partial obstruction) to the flow of air to the patient
Hoarseness
Can be indicative of a narrowing of the upper airway (especially if this is something that came on suddenly)
You approach a patient and speak with the patient. She says “Thank you for coming.” BASED ON THIS INFORMATION ONLY - What do you know about the status of her airway?
It is open, and she is capable of moving air right now
Stridor
A high pitched sound generated from partially obstructed airflow in the upper airway
Bronchoconstriction
The contraction of smooth muscles that line the bronchial passages that results in a decreased internal diameter of the airway and increased resistance to airflow
The ___________ is the most common cause of airway obstruction
Tongue
Brochoconstriction
The contraction of the smooth muscle in the bronchial passages
Broncioles
Structures just proximal to the alveoli
Esophagus
Lies posterior to the Trachea
Patent airway
An airway (passage from nose or mouth to lungs) that is open and clear and will remain open and clear and will remain open and clear without interference to the passage of air into and out of the body
Glottic opening
The level of the vocal cords that defines the boundary between the upper and lower airways
Airway
The passageway by which air enters and leaves the body. The structures of the airway are the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs
Patent airway
An airway (passage from nose or mouth to lungs) that is open and clear and will remain open and clear and will remain open and clear without interference to the passage of air into and out of the body
Airway
The passageway by which air enters and leaves the body. The structures of the airway are the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs
Patent airway
An airway (passage from nose or mouth to lungs) that is open and clear and will remain open and clear and will remain open and clear without interference to the passage of air into and out of the body
Airway
The passageway by which air enters and leaves the body. The structures of the airway are the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs
Ventilation
Breathing in and out (inhalation and exhalation), or artificial provision of breaths
Alveolar Ventilation
The amount of air that reaches the alveoli
Ventilation
Breathing in and out (inhalation and exhalation), or artificial provision of breaths
Alveolar Ventilation
The amount of air that reaches the alveoli
Diffusion
A process by which molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Pulmonary Respiration
The exchange of O2 and CO2 between the alveoli and circulating blood in the pulmonary capillaries
Cellular respiration
The exchange of O2 and CO2 between cells and circulating blood
Respiration
The diffusion of O2 and CO2 between the alveoli and the blood (pulmonary respiration) and between the blood and the cells (cellular respiration), Also used to mean, simply breathing
Hypoxia
An insufficiency of O2 in the body’s tissues
Respiratory Distress
Increased work of breathing; a sensation of shortness of breath
Respiratory Failure
The inadequacy of breathing to the point where O2 intake or the ventilation removal of CO2 is not sufficient to support life
Respiratory Arrest
When breathing completely stops
Cyanosis
A blue or gray color resulting from lack of O2 in the body
Artificial Ventilation
The use of positive pressure to force air or O2 into the lungs when a patient has stopped breathing or has inadequate breathing. Also called positive pressure ventilation
Positive Pressure Ventilation
The use of positive pressure to force air or O2 into the lungs when a patient has stopped breathing or has inadequate breathing. Also called artificial ventilation
Pocket Face Mask
A device, usually with a one-way valve, to aid in artificial ventilation. A rescuer breathes through the valve when the mask is placed over the patient’s face, it also acts as a barrier to prevent contact with a patient’s breath or bodily fluids. It can also be used with supplemental O2 when fitted with an O2 inlet.
Bag Valve Mask (BVM)
A hand-held device with a face mask and self refilling bag that can be squeezed to provide artificial ventilations to a patient. It can deliver air from the atmosphere or O2 from supplemental O2 supply system
Stoma
A permanent surgical opening in the neck through which the patient breathes
Automatic Transport Ventilator (ATV)
A device that provides positive pressure ventilations. It includes settings designed to adjust ventilation rate and volume, is portable and is easily carried on an ambulance
Oxygen Cylinder
A Cylinder filled with O2 under pressure
Pressure Regulator
A device connected to an O2 cylinder to reduce cylinder pressure so it is safe for delivery of O2 to a patient
Flowmeter
A valve that indicates the flow of O2 in liters per minute (LPM)
Humidifier
A device connected to the flowmeter to add moisture to the dry O2 coming from an O2 cylinder
Non-Rebreather (NRB) Mask
A face mask and reservoir bag device that delivers high concentrations of O2. The patients exhaled air escapes through a valve (flutter valves), and is not re-breathed
Nasal Cannula
A device that delivers low concentration of O2 through two (2) prongs that rest in the patient’s nostril’s
Partial Rebreather Mask
A face mask and reservoir O2 bag with NO one way valve to the reservoir bag. So, some exhaled air, mixes with the O2, used in some patients to help preserve CO2 levels in the blood to stimulate breathing
Venturi Mask
A face mask and reservoir bag device that delivers specific concentrations of O2 by mixing O2 with inhaled air
Tracheostomy Mask
A device designed to be placed over a stoma or tracheostomy tube to provide supplemental O2
Amount of Air that enters the alveoli for gas exchange is referred to as:
Alveolar ventilation
For pulmonary and cellular respiration to work efficiently __________ must also be functioning
Cardiovascular System
When a person inhales, the diaphragm 1. contracts and the intercostal muscles relax 2. and the intercostal muscles relax 3. relaxes and the intercostal muscles contract 4. and the intercostal muscles contract
- and the intercostal muscles contract When a person inhales….the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles contract
In which of the following situations does the chest expand, the diaphragm contracts, and a negative intrathoracic pressure is created? 1. Exhalation 2. Apnea 3. Inhalation 4. Passive Breathing
- Inhalation
Alveolar ventilation can be altered through changes in rate as well as changes in:
TIDAL VOLUME
Minute Volume is determined primarily by
Respiratory rate and tidal volume
When calculating alveolar ventilation, what must be subtracted from what?
Dead Air from Tidal Volume
What happens with O2 and CO2 during the process of Pulmonary Respiration?
O2 is loaded into the hemoglobin of the blood from the alveoli, and CO2 is off-loaded from the blood into the alveoli
Insufficient supply of O2 to the body’s tissues is known as what?
Hypoxia
What primarily differentiates a patient a patient with adequate breathing from a patient with inadequate breathing?
The body of a patient with adequate breathing is still able to compensate for increasing O2 demand, but the body of a patient with inadequate breathing is no longer able to compensate
A patient ceasing to be able to speak is most likely a sign of
Respiratory failure
What is the least reliable as a sign of respiratory arrest in a patient? 1. Absent breath sounds 2. Gasping 3. Unconsciousness 4. No chest rise or fall
- Gasping Gasping may be present in a patient in respiratory arrest, gasping and normal breathing can be confused, and gasping may indicate respiratory failure, not arrest. In some cases, gasping may be present during adequate breathing. The other signs are much more indicative of respiratory arrest
For a patient with very slow ventilations you should:
Add ventilations in between the patients own breaths
If you are asked to assist a Paramedic in their placing an airway using an Laryngoscope, you would use was maneuver?
BURP maneuver Bringing Up Right Position This maneuver is where you will take your thumb and index finger, gently press down on the vocal cords. This helps the Paramedic to be able to visualize the vocal cords, ensuring proper placement of the ET.
After a patient is intubated, you listen for lung sounds during ventilations and you SHOULD hear sounds in _____, and NOT _______
in all four quadrants of the lungs NOT in the epigastrium
Nonrebreather Mask Flow Rate
12-15 LPM
Nonrebreather O2 Concentrationg
80-90%
Appropriate use for Nonrebreather Mask
Delivery system of choice for patients with signs of severe hypoxia and those SOB, suffering severe injuries, or displaying an altered mental status
Nasal Cannula Flow Rate
1-6 LPM
Nasal Cannula O2 Concentration
24-44%
Appropriate use for Nasal Cannula
Appropriate for patients with sx of hypoxia and those SOB who need a small amount of supplemental O2 or cannot tolerate a mask
Partial Rebreather Mask Flow Rate
9-10 LPM
Partial Rebreather Mask O2 Concentration
40-60%
Appropriate use for Partial Rebreather Mask
Usually not use in EMS. Some patients may use at home to treat ongoing respiratory diseases such as COPD
Venturi Mask Flow Rate
Varied, depending on device; up to 15 LPM
Venturi Mask O2 Concentration
24-60%
Appropriate use for Venturi Mask
A device used to deliver a specific concentration of O2. Device delivers 24-60% O2, depending on adapter tip and O2 flow rate
Tracheostomy Mask Flow Rate
8-10 LPM
Tracheostomy O2 Concentration
Can be set up to deliver varying O2 percentages as required by patient; desired percentage of O2 may be recommended by the home care agency
Appropriate use for the Tracheostomy Mask
A device used to deliver ventilations/O2 through a stoma or tracheostomy tube
How should you position a patient with a stoma as you are administering BVM artificial respirations?
Leave the head of the patient in the neutral position
A constant flow selector valve type of low-pressure flowmeter _________ 1. may only be used with M or larger cylinders 2. is not adjustable 3. may only be used when upright 4. has no gauge
- has no gauge
Vomitus from gastric distension during artificial ventilation 1. is a sign that volume needs to be increased 2. indicates an improperly protected airway 3. is normal 4. indicates inadequate respiration
- indicates an improperly protected airway
Always open the valve on an O2 cylinder fully, then close it by how much to prevent someone else from thinking that the valve is closed and trying to force it open?
Half a turn
To inflate the reservoir bag of a nonrebreather mask, use your finger to cover the: 1. intake valve 2. exhaust port 3. flowmeter 4. pressure regulator
- exhaust port
At the point at which a patients body has become acidotic from the retention of too much CO2 and from anaerobic metabolism, and he is growing tired, the patient is in: 1. severe respiratory distress 2. increasing respiratory distress 3. respiratory failure 4. respiratory arrest
- respiratory failure
At the smallest level, respiration involved the: 1. lungs 2. bronchioles 3. alveoli 4. cells
- cells
What is the safe residual for an O2 cylinder?
200 psi or greater
Diffusion
A process by which molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Alveolar Ventilation
The amount of air that reaches the alveoli
Ventilation
Breathing in and out (inhalation and exhalation), or artificial provision of breaths
What is the safe residual for an O2 cylinder?
200 psi or greater
At the smallest level, respiration involved the: 1. lungs 2. bronchioles 3. alveoli 4. cells
- cells
At the point at which a patients body has become acidotic from the retention of too much CO2 and from anaerobic metabolism, and he is growing tired, the patient is in: 1. severe respiratory distress 2. increasing respiratory distress 3. respiratory failure 4. respiratory arrest
- respiratory failure
To inflate the reservoir bag of a nonrebreather mask, use your finger to cover the: 1. intake valve 2. exhaust port 3. flowmeter 4. pressure regulator
- exhaust port
Always open the valve on an O2 cylinder fully, then close it by how much to prevent someone else from thinking that the valve is closed and trying to force it open?
Half a turn
Vomitus from gastric distension during artificial ventilation 1. is a sign that volume needs to be increased 2. indicates an improperly protected airway 3. is normal 4. indicates inadequate respiration
- indicates an improperly protected airway
A constant flow selector valve type of low-pressure flowmeter _________ 1. may only be used with M or larger cylinders 2. is not adjustable 3. may only be used when upright 4. has no gauge
- has no gauge
How should you position a patient with a stoma as you are administering BVM artificial respirations?
Leave the head of the patient in the neutral position
Appropriate use for the Tracheostomy Mask
A device used to deliver ventilations/O2 through a stoma or tracheostomy tube
Tracheostomy O2 Concentration
Can be set up to deliver varying O2 percentages as required by patient; desired percentage of O2 may be recommended by the home care agency
Tracheostomy Mask Flow Rate
8-10 LPM
Appropriate use for Venturi Mask
A device used to deliver a specific concentration of O2. Device delivers 24-60% O2, depending on adapter tip and O2 flow rate
Venturi Mask O2 Concentration
24-60%
Venturi Mask Flow Rate
Varied, depending on device; up to 15 LPM
Appropriate use for Partial Rebreather Mask
Usually not use in EMS. Some patients may use at home to treat ongoing respiratory diseases such as COPD
Partial Rebreather Mask O2 Concentration
40-60%
Partial Rebreather Mask Flow Rate
9-10 LPM
Appropriate use for Nasal Cannula
Appropriate for patients with sx of hypoxia and those SOB who need a small amount of supplemental O2 or cannot tolerate a mask
Nasal Cannula O2 Concentration
24-44%
Nasal Cannula Flow Rate
1-6 LPM
Appropriate use for Nonrebreather Mask
Delivery system of choice for patients with signs of severe hypoxia and those SOB, suffering severe injuries, or displaying an altered mental status
Nonrebreather O2 Concentrationg
80-90%
Nonrebreather Mask Flow Rate
12-15 LPM
After a patient is intubated, you listen for lung sounds during ventilations and you SHOULD hear sounds in _____, and NOT _______
in all four quadrants of the lungs NOT in the epigastrium
If you are asked to assist a Paramedic in their placing an airway using an Laryngoscope, you would use was maneuver?
BURP maneuver Bringing Up Right Position This maneuver is where you will take your thumb and index finger, gently press down on the vocal cords. This helps the Paramedic to be able to visualize the vocal cords, ensuring proper placement of the ET.
For a patient with very slow ventilations you should:
Add ventilations in between the patients own breaths
What is the least reliable as a sign of respiratory arrest in a patient? 1. Absent breath sounds 2. Gasping 3. Unconsciousness 4. No chest rise or fall
- Gasping Gasping may be present in a patient in respiratory arrest, gasping and normal breathing can be confused, and gasping may indicate respiratory failure, not arrest. In some cases, gasping may be present during adequate breathing. The other signs are much more indicative of respiratory arrest
A patient ceasing to be able to speak is most likely a sign of
Respiratory failure
What primarily differentiates a patient a patient with adequate breathing from a patient with inadequate breathing?
The body of a patient with adequate breathing is still able to compensate for increasing O2 demand, but the body of a patient with inadequate breathing is no longer able to compensate
Insufficient supply of O2 to the body’s tissues is known as what?
Hypoxia
What happens with O2 and CO2 during the process of Pulmonary Respiration?
O2 is loaded into the hemoglobin of the blood from the alveoli, and CO2 is off-loaded from the blood into the alveoli
When calculating alveolar ventilation, what must be subtracted from what?
Dead Air from Tidal Volume
Minute Volume is determined primarily by
Respiratory rate and tidal volume
Alveolar ventilation can be altered through changes in rate as well as changes in:
TIDAL VOLUME
In which of the following situations does the chest expand, the diaphragm contracts, and a negative intrathoracic pressure is created? 1. Exhalation 2. Apnea 3. Inhalation 4. Passive Breathing
- Inhalation
When a person inhales, the diaphragm 1. contracts and the intercostal muscles relax 2. and the intercostal muscles relax 3. relaxes and the intercostal muscles contract 4. and the intercostal muscles contract
- and the intercostal muscles contract When a person inhales….the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles contract
For pulmonary and cellular respiration to work efficiently __________ must also be functioning
Cardiovascular System
Amount of Air that enters the alveoli for gas exchange is referred to as:
Alveolar ventilation
Tracheostomy Mask
A device designed to be placed over a stoma or tracheostomy tube to provide supplemental O2
Venturi Mask
A face mask and reservoir bag device that delivers specific concentrations of O2 by mixing O2 with inhaled air
Partial Rebreather Mask
A face mask and reservoir O2 bag with NO one way valve to the reservoir bag. So, some exhaled air, mixes with the O2, used in some patients to help preserve CO2 levels in the blood to stimulate breathing
Nasal Cannula
A device that delivers low concentration of O2 through two (2) prongs that rest in the patient’s nostril’s
Non-Rebreather (NRB) Mask
A face mask and reservoir bag device that delivers high concentrations of O2. The patients exhaled air escapes through a valve (flutter valves), and is not re-breathed
Humidifier
A device connected to the flowmeter to add moisture to the dry O2 coming from an O2 cylinder
Flowmeter
A valve that indicates the flow of O2 in liters per minute (LPM)
Pressure Regulator
A device connected to an O2 cylinder to reduce cylinder pressure so it is safe for delivery of O2 to a patient
Oxygen Cylinder
A Cylinder filled with O2 under pressure
Automatic Transport Ventilator (ATV)
A device that provides positive pressure ventilations. It includes settings designed to adjust ventilation rate and volume, is portable and is easily carried on an ambulance
Stoma
A permanent surgical opening in the neck through which the patient breathes
Bag Valve Mask (BVM)
A hand-held device with a face mask and self refilling bag that can be squeezed to provide artificial ventilations to a patient. It can deliver air from the atmosphere or O2 from supplemental O2 supply system
Pocket Face Mask
A device, usually with a one-way valve, to aid in artificial ventilation. A rescuer breathes through the valve when the mask is placed over the patient’s face, it also acts as a barrier to prevent contact with a patient’s breath or bodily fluids. It can also be used with supplemental O2 when fitted with an O2 inlet.
Positive Pressure Ventilation
The use of positive pressure to force air or O2 into the lungs when a patient has stopped breathing or has inadequate breathing. Also called artificial ventilation
Artificial Ventilation
The use of positive pressure to force air or O2 into the lungs when a patient has stopped breathing or has inadequate breathing. Also called positive pressure ventilation
Cyanosis
A blue or gray color resulting from lack of O2 in the body
Respiratory Arrest
When breathing completely stops
Respiratory Failure
The inadequacy of breathing to the point where O2 intake or the ventilation removal of CO2 is not sufficient to support life
Respiratory Distress
Increased work of breathing; a sensation of shortness of breath
Hypoxia
An insufficiency of O2 in the body’s tissues
Diffusion
A process by which molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
What is the safe residual for an O2 cylinder?
200 psi or greater
At the smallest level, respiration involved the: 1. lungs 2. bronchioles 3. alveoli 4. cells
- cells
At the point at which a patients body has become acidotic from the retention of too much CO2 and from anaerobic metabolism, and he is growing tired, the patient is in: 1. severe respiratory distress 2. increasing respiratory distress 3. respiratory failure 4. respiratory arrest
- respiratory failure
To inflate the reservoir bag of a nonrebreather mask, use your finger to cover the: 1. intake valve 2. exhaust port 3. flowmeter 4. pressure regulator
- exhaust port
Always open the valve on an O2 cylinder fully, then close it by how much to prevent someone else from thinking that the valve is closed and trying to force it open?
Half a turn
Vomitus from gastric distension during artificial ventilation 1. is a sign that volume needs to be increased 2. indicates an improperly protected airway 3. is normal 4. indicates inadequate respiration
- indicates an improperly protected airway
A constant flow selector valve type of low-pressure flowmeter _________ 1. may only be used with M or larger cylinders 2. is not adjustable 3. may only be used when upright 4. has no gauge
- has no gauge
How should you position a patient with a stoma as you are administering BVM artificial respirations?
Leave the head of the patient in the neutral position
Appropriate use for the Tracheostomy Mask
A device used to deliver ventilations/O2 through a stoma or tracheostomy tube
Tracheostomy O2 Concentration
Can be set up to deliver varying O2 percentages as required by patient; desired percentage of O2 may be recommended by the home care agency
Tracheostomy Mask Flow Rate
8-10 LPM
Appropriate use for Venturi Mask
A device used to deliver a specific concentration of O2. Device delivers 24-60% O2, depending on adapter tip and O2 flow rate
Venturi Mask O2 Concentration
24-60%
Venturi Mask Flow Rate
Varied, depending on device; up to 15 LPM
Appropriate use for Partial Rebreather Mask
Usually not use in EMS. Some patients may use at home to treat ongoing respiratory diseases such as COPD
Partial Rebreather Mask O2 Concentration
40-60%
Partial Rebreather Mask Flow Rate
9-10 LPM
Appropriate use for Nasal Cannula
Appropriate for patients with sx of hypoxia and those SOB who need a small amount of supplemental O2 or cannot tolerate a mask
Nasal Cannula O2 Concentration
24-44%
Nasal Cannula Flow Rate
1-6 LPM
Appropriate use for Nonrebreather Mask
Delivery system of choice for patients with signs of severe hypoxia and those SOB, suffering severe injuries, or displaying an altered mental status
Nonrebreather O2 Concentrationg
80-90%
Nonrebreather Mask Flow Rate
12-15 LPM
After a patient is intubated, you listen for lung sounds during ventilations and you SHOULD hear sounds in _____, and NOT _______
in all four quadrants of the lungs NOT in the epigastrium
If you are asked to assist a Paramedic in their placing an airway using an Laryngoscope, you would use was maneuver?
BURP maneuver Bringing Up Right Position This maneuver is where you will take your thumb and index finger, gently press down on the vocal cords. This helps the Paramedic to be able to visualize the vocal cords, ensuring proper placement of the ET.
For a patient with very slow ventilations you should:
Add ventilations in between the patients own breaths
What is the least reliable as a sign of respiratory arrest in a patient? 1. Absent breath sounds 2. Gasping 3. Unconsciousness 4. No chest rise or fall
- Gasping Gasping may be present in a patient in respiratory arrest, gasping and normal breathing can be confused, and gasping may indicate respiratory failure, not arrest. In some cases, gasping may be present during adequate breathing. The other signs are much more indicative of respiratory arrest
A patient ceasing to be able to speak is most likely a sign of
Respiratory failure
What primarily differentiates a patient a patient with adequate breathing from a patient with inadequate breathing?
The body of a patient with adequate breathing is still able to compensate for increasing O2 demand, but the body of a patient with inadequate breathing is no longer able to compensate
Insufficient supply of O2 to the body’s tissues is known as what?
Hypoxia
What happens with O2 and CO2 during the process of Pulmonary Respiration?
O2 is loaded into the hemoglobin of the blood from the alveoli, and CO2 is off-loaded from the blood into the alveoli
When calculating alveolar ventilation, what must be subtracted from what?
Dead Air from Tidal Volume
Minute Volume is determined primarily by
Respiratory rate and tidal volume
Alveolar ventilation can be altered through changes in rate as well as changes in:
TIDAL VOLUME
In which of the following situations does the chest expand, the diaphragm contracts, and a negative intrathoracic pressure is created? 1. Exhalation 2. Apnea 3. Inhalation 4. Passive Breathing
- Inhalation
When a person inhales, the diaphragm 1. contracts and the intercostal muscles relax 2. and the intercostal muscles relax 3. relaxes and the intercostal muscles contract 4. and the intercostal muscles contract
- and the intercostal muscles contract When a person inhales….the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles contract
For pulmonary and cellular respiration to work efficiently __________ must also be functioning
Cardiovascular System
Amount of Air that enters the alveoli for gas exchange is referred to as:
Alveolar ventilation
Tracheostomy Mask
A device designed to be placed over a stoma or tracheostomy tube to provide supplemental O2
Venturi Mask
A face mask and reservoir bag device that delivers specific concentrations of O2 by mixing O2 with inhaled air
Partial Rebreather Mask
A face mask and reservoir O2 bag with NO one way valve to the reservoir bag. So, some exhaled air, mixes with the O2, used in some patients to help preserve CO2 levels in the blood to stimulate breathing
