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EMT - B > CH 7 Pathophysiology > Flashcards

CH 7 Pathophysiology Flashcards

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1
Q

Metabolism

A

The cellular function of converting nutrients into energy

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2
Q

Electrolyte

A

A substance that when dissolved in H2O, separates into charged particles

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3
Q

Aerobic Metabolism

A

The cellular process in which O2 is used to metabolize glucose. Energy is produced in an efficient manner, with minimal waste products

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4
Q

Anaerobic Metabolism

A

The cellular process in which glucose is metabolized into energy without O2. Energy is produced in an INEFFICIENT manner, with many wast products

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5
Q

Patent

A

Open and clear; Free from Obstruction

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6
Q

Tidal Volume

A

The volume of air moved in one cycle of breathing

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7
Q

Minute Volume

A

The amount of air breathed in during each respiration multiplied by the number of breaths per minute

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8
Q

Dead Air Space

A

Air that occupies the space between the mouth and alveoli but that does not actually reach the area of gas exchange

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9
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Chemical sensors in the brain and blood vessels that identify changing levels of O2 and CO2

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10
Q

Plasma Oncotic Pressure

A

The pull exerted by large proteins in the plasma portion of blood that tends to pull water from the body into the bloodstream

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11
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure

A

The pressure within a blood vessel that tends to push water out of the vessel

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12
Q

Stretch Receptors

A

Sensors in blood vessels that identify internal pressure

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13
Q

Systemic Vascular Resistance

A

The pressure in the peripheral blood vessels that the heart must overcome to pump blood into the system

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14
Q

Stroke Volume

A

The amount of blood ejected from the heart in one contraction

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15
Q

Cardiac Output

A

The amount of blood ejected from the heart in one minute (heart rate x stroke volume)

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16
Q

V/Q Match

A

Ventilation/Perfusion match. This implies that the alveoli are supplied with enough air and that the air in the alveoli is matched with sufficient blood in the pulmonary capillaries to permit optimum exchange of O2 and CO2

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17
Q

Perfusion

A

The supply of O2 to and removal wastes from the cells and tissues of the body as a resuult of the flow of the blood through the capillary

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18
Q

Hypoperfusion

A

Inability of the body to inadequately circulate blood to the body’s cells to supply them with O2 and nutrients. A life threatening condition (aka SHOCK)

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19
Q

Shock

A

Inability of the body to inadequately circulate blood to the body’s cells to supply them with O2 and nutrients. A life threatening condition (aka HYPOPERFUSION)

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20
Q

Diaphoresis

A

Sweating; Condition of cool, pale, moist/sweaty skin

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21
Q

Dehydration

A

An abnormally low amount of water in the body

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22
Q

Edema

A

Swelling associated with the movement of water into the interstitial space

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23
Q

Hypersensitivity

A

An exaggerated response by the immune system to a particular substance

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24
Q

Pathophysiology

A

The study of how disease processes affect the function of the body

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25
Q

What structure within a cell contains the genetic blueprint for reproduction?

A

The nucleus

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26
Q

What is the cellular structure that protects and selectively allows water and other substances into and out of the cell?

A

Cell membrane

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27
Q

A loss of electrolytes could affect

A

cardiac muscle depolarization

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28
Q

FiO2

A

Fraction of inspired O2; the concentration of O2 in the air that we breathe

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29
Q

Preload

A

How much blood is returned to the heart prior to the contraction; in other words, how much it is filled. The greater the filling of the the heart, the greater the stroke volume

30
Q

Contractility

A

The force of contraction-that is, how hard the heart squeezes. The more forcefully the heart squeezes, the greater the stroke volume

31
Q

Afterload

A

A function of the systemic vascular resistance. It is how much pressure the heart has to pump against to force blood into the system. The greater the pressure in the system, the lower the stroke volume

32
Q

Anaerobic Respiration

A

A type of cell respiration that takes place in Anaerobes, and in which energy is released from glucose and other foods without the presence of O2.

33
Q

What effect does the lack of O2 have on the cell?

A

The body must utilize anaerobic metabolism

34
Q

Cellular Energy (ATP) is important to the cells because it is needed for the operation of the:

A

Sodium Potassium Pumps

35
Q

What are the Sodium Potassium Pumps responsible for?

A

Actively moving ions back and forth across the cell membrane

36
Q

High level of acid in the body affect the O2 carrying molecules in the blood called

A

Hemoglobin

37
Q

To provide adequate quantities of O2 for aerobic metabolism to occur, inhaled air must reach the alveoli of the lungs and the blood must reach the

A

capillaries that surround the alveoli

38
Q

When lung tissue is displaced or destroyed by mechanical force, it cannot exchange:

A

Gas

39
Q

How will Bradycardia affect the cardiac output?

A

The cardiac output will decrease The method of figuring this out is that the cardiac output is the amount of blood moved through the heart in one minute (HR x SV). Therefore, it will decrease if the pulse slows

40
Q

Excessive permeability is a condition that affects the

A

Capillaries

41
Q

What is the effect of HYPOperfusion the cellular level?

A

Acids and waste products accumulate, damaging the cells

42
Q

What is Decompensated Shock also known as?

A

Hypotensive Shock. Occurs when compensatory mechanisms have not been successful or have subsequently failed in their effort to sustain perfusion is also known as hypotensive shock

43
Q

When a patient is going into decompensated shock, what is the one major noticeable change in vital signs?

A

Hypotension

44
Q

Swelling that is associated with the movement of water into the interstitial space is called?

A

Edema

45
Q

Which of the following is most likely to signal neurological impairment? 1. Fall injury 2. Long Bone Fracture 3. Seizures 4. Irregular pulse rate

A
  1. Seizures This is a common sign of neurological impairment
46
Q

Most commonly, the combination of nausea - which may lead to vomiting - and diarrhea is caused by: 1. Compensated injuries 2. Compensated shock 3. A viral or bacterial infection 4. A fluid imbalance

A
  1. A viral or bacterial imbalance
47
Q

Meningitis

A

An infection of the protective layers of the brain and spinal cord

48
Q

Which of the following conditions would most likely lead to shock? 1. Diarrhea 2. Headache 3. Hypertension 4. Tachycardia

A
  1. Diarrhea This would be due to loss of fluid
49
Q

If your patient has a drop in their respiratory rate due to a drug overdose, what is going to be the result when talking about their minute rate?

A

Their minute rate is going to drop

50
Q

What is anemia?

A

a condition marked by a deficiency of red blood cells or of hemoglobin in the blood, resulting in pallor and weariness

51
Q

What does severe sepsis change about the thin wall between the alveoli and the alveolar capillaries?

A

It’s permeability

52
Q

What is a cell’s internally created fuel that is responsible for powering all of the other cellular functions

A

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

53
Q

An organ transplant can suppress the normal functions of: A. kidneys B. adrenal glands C. thyroid D. testes

A

B. Adrenal glands This is due to medications that the patient is taking after the transplant

54
Q

Endocrine disorders generally involve too many or not enough: A. Hormones B. Blood Cells C. Glands D. Nerves

A

A. Hormones

55
Q

The cellular structure that is responsible for synthesizing proteins is the: 1. Mitochondria 2. Sodium Pump 3. Nucleus 4. Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  1. Endoplasmic Reticulum
56
Q

Your patient has been performing landscaping on a hot, humid summer day when he suddenly becomes dizzy and feels he may faint. This disruption is most likely caused by:

A

Dehydration

57
Q

Certain blood vessels that contain specialized sensors that detect the level of internal pressure and transmits to the nervous system, which then triggers the smooth muscles in the vessel walls to make any needed size adjustments. The sensors are called: 1. Pressure Receptors 2. Stretch Receptors 3. Chemo Receptors 4. Volume Receptors

A
  1. Stretch Receptors
58
Q

The human body is made up of ______% of water

A

60%

59
Q

Preload

A

The amount of blood that is returned to the heart prior to the next heart contraction

60
Q

Contractility

A

The force of the contraction of the heart

61
Q

Afterload

A

A function of systemic resistance. It is how much pressure the heart has to pump against to force blood out into the system.

62
Q

When carbon dioxide is not​ exchanged, the net result is high carbon​ dioxide, a condition called​ ________, within the body.

A

Hypercapnia

63
Q

The respiratory system moves air in and out; however in order to __________ cells, the air that is inhaled, must meet up with the circulatory system

A

Perfuse

64
Q

Meningitis

A

Infection of the protective layer of the brain and spinal cord

65
Q

Encephalitis

A

Infection of the brain itself

66
Q

Hypovolemic Shock

A

(Hypovolemia) - Low Blood Volume; Occurs when blood is lost from the Cardiovascular system (such as in severe bleeding), or when the volume portion of the blood is lost (as in dehydration). In this case, too little volume leads to reduced pressure in the cardiovascular system. Without, adequate pressure, the heart has great difficulty pumping blood to all the necessary regions of the body, and cells become hypoperfused. Lost blood also leads to lost oxygen-carrying capacity, furthering the oxygen deficit in the cells.

67
Q

Distributive Shock

A

In distributive shock, blood vessel tone is lost. The smooth muscle in the vessels loses its ability to maintain a normal diameter. Conditions such as anaphylaxis, or sepsis cause normally constricted vessels to dilate, and as a result, pressure within the system is reduced. With low pressure the blood cannot efficiently be pumped and blood flow to the cells is diminished. Hypoperfusion is the net result

68
Q

What is the net result of Distributed Shock if not handled in a timely fashion?

A

Hypoperfusion

69
Q

Cardiogenic Shock

A

In this form of shock, the heart fails in its ability to pump blood. Conditions such as myocardial infarction or trauma can lead to either an electrical problem such as a dysrhythmia, or a mechanical problem such as damage to the heart muscle itself. In either case, the pump fails and the cardiac output suffers. Hypoperfusion occurs when the heart can no longer maintain the pressure in the cardiovascular system and blood fails to be pumped to the cells

70
Q

Obstructive Shock

A

Occasionally blood is physically prevented from flowing. In conditions such as tension pneumothorax, pericardial tamponade, and pulmonary embolism, large quantities of blood are prevented from reaching essential organs and vital areas. Hypoperfusion occurs as these organs and vital areas go without the blood they need.

71
Q

Stages of Shock are:

A
  1. Non-Progressive 2. Progressive Stage 3. Irreversible Stage

EMT - B (41 decks)

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