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EMT - B > CH 10 Respiration and Artificial Ventilation > Flashcards

CH 10 Respiration and Artificial Ventilation Flashcards

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1
Q

Ventilation

A

Breathing in and out (inhalation and exhalation), or artificial provision of breaths

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2
Q

Alveolar Ventilation

A

The amount of air that reaches the alveoli

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3
Q

Diffusion

A

A process by which molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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4
Q

Pulmonary Respiration

A

The exchange of O2 and CO2 between the alveoli and circulating blood in the pulmonary capillaries

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5
Q

Cellular respiration

A

The exchange of O2 and CO2 between cells and circulating blood

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6
Q

Respiration

A

The diffusion of O2 and CO2 between the alveoli and the blood (pulmonary respiration) and between the blood and the cells (cellular respiration), Also used to mean, simply breathing

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7
Q

Hypoxia

A

An insufficiency of O2 in the body’s tissues

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8
Q

Respiratory Distress

A

Increased work of breathing; a sensation of shortness of breath

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9
Q

Respiratory Failure

A

The inadequacy of breathing to the point where O2 intake or the ventilation removal of CO2 is not sufficient to support life

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10
Q

Respiratory Arrest

A

When breathing completely stops

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11
Q

Cyanosis

A

A blue or gray color resulting from lack of O2 in the body

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12
Q

Artificial Ventilation

A

The use of positive pressure to force air or O2 into the lungs when a patient has stopped breathing or has inadequate breathing. Also called positive pressure ventilation

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13
Q

Positive Pressure Ventilation

A

The use of positive pressure to force air or O2 into the lungs when a patient has stopped breathing or has inadequate breathing. Also called artificial ventilation

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14
Q

Pocket Face Mask

A

A device, usually with a one-way valve, to aid in artificial ventilation. A rescuer breathes through the valve when the mask is placed over the patient’s face, it also acts as a barrier to prevent contact with a patient’s breath or bodily fluids. It can also be used with supplemental O2 when fitted with an O2 inlet.

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15
Q

Bag Valve Mask (BVM)

A

A hand-held device with a face mask and self refilling bag that can be squeezed to provide artificial ventilations to a patient. It can deliver air from the atmosphere or O2 from supplemental O2 supply system

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16
Q

Stoma

A

A permanent surgical opening in the neck through which the patient breathes

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17
Q

Automatic Transport Ventilator (ATV)

A

A device that provides positive pressure ventilations. It includes settings designed to adjust ventilation rate and volume, is portable and is easily carried on an ambulance

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18
Q

Oxygen Cylinder

A

A Cylinder filled with O2 under pressure

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19
Q

Pressure Regulator

A

A device connected to an O2 cylinder to reduce cylinder pressure so it is safe for delivery of O2 to a patient

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20
Q

Flowmeter

A

A valve that indicates the flow of O2 in liters per minute (LPM)

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21
Q

Humidifier

A

A device connected to the flowmeter to add moisture to the dry O2 coming from an O2 cylinder

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22
Q

Non-Rebreather (NRB) Mask

A

A face mask and reservoir bag device that delivers high concentrations of O2. The patients exhaled air escapes through a valve (flutter valves), and is not re-breathed

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23
Q

Nasal Cannula

A

A device that delivers low concentration of O2 through two (2) prongs that rest in the patient’s nostril’s

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24
Q

Partial Rebreather Mask

A

A face mask and reservoir O2 bag with NO one way valve to the reservoir bag. So, some exhaled air, mixes with the O2, used in some patients to help preserve CO2 levels in the blood to stimulate breathing

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25
Q

Venturi Mask

A

A face mask and reservoir bag device that delivers specific concentrations of O2 by mixing O2 with inhaled air

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26
Q

Tracheostomy Mask

A

A device designed to be placed over a stoma or tracheostomy tube to provide supplemental O2

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27
Q

Amount of Air that enters the alveoli for gas exchange is referred to as:

A

Alveolar ventilation

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28
Q

For pulmonary and cellular respiration to work efficiently __________ must also be functioning

A

Cardiovascular System

29
Q

When a person inhales, the diaphragm 1. contracts and the intercostal muscles relax 2. and the intercostal muscles relax 3. relaxes and the intercostal muscles contract 4. and the intercostal muscles contract

A
  1. and the intercostal muscles contract When a person inhales….the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles contract
30
Q

In which of the following situations does the chest expand, the diaphragm contracts, and a negative intrathoracic pressure is created? 1. Exhalation 2. Apnea 3. Inhalation 4. Passive Breathing

A
  1. Inhalation
31
Q

Alveolar ventilation can be altered through changes in rate as well as changes in:

A

TIDAL VOLUME

32
Q

Minute Volume is determined primarily by

A

Respiratory rate and tidal volume

33
Q

When calculating alveolar ventilation, what must be subtracted from what?

A

Dead Air from Tidal Volume

34
Q

Insufficient supply of O2 to the body’s tissues is known as what?

A

Hypoxia

35
Q

What primarily differentiates a patient a patient with adequate breathing from a patient with inadequate breathing?

A

The body of a patient with adequate breathing is still able to compensate for increasing O2 demand, but the body of a patient with inadequate breathing is no longer able to compensate

36
Q

A patient ceasing to be able to speak is most likely a sign of

A

Respiratory failure

37
Q

What is the least reliable as a sign of respiratory arrest in a patient? 1. Absent breath sounds 2. Gasping 3. Unconsciousness 4. No chest rise or fall

A
  1. Gasping Gasping may be present in a patient in respiratory arrest, gasping and normal breathing can be confused, and gasping may indicate respiratory failure, not arrest. In some cases, gasping may be present during adequate breathing. The other signs are much more indicative of respiratory arrest
38
Q

For a patient with very slow ventilations you should:

A

Add ventilations in between the patients own breaths

39
Q

If you are asked to assist a Paramedic in their placing an airway using an Laryngoscope, you would use was maneuver?

A

BURP maneuver Bringing Up Right Position This maneuver is where you will take your thumb and index finger, gently press down on the vocal cords. This helps the Paramedic to be able to visualize the vocal cords, ensuring proper placement of the ET.

40
Q

After a patient is intubated, you listen for lung sounds during ventilations and you SHOULD hear sounds in _____, and NOT _______

A

in all four quadrants of the lungs NOT in the epigastrium

41
Q

Nonrebreather Mask Flow Rate

A

12-15 LPM

42
Q

Nonrebreather O2 Concentrationg

A

80-90%

43
Q

Appropriate use for Nonrebreather Mask

A

Delivery system of choice for patients with signs of severe hypoxia and those SOB, suffering severe injuries, or displaying an altered mental status

44
Q

Nasal Cannula Flow Rate

A

1-6 LPM

45
Q

Nasal Cannula O2 Concentration

A

24-44%

46
Q

Appropriate use for Nasal Cannula

A

Appropriate for patients with sx of hypoxia and those SOB who need a small amount of supplemental O2 or cannot tolerate a mask

47
Q

Partial Rebreather Mask Flow Rate

A

9-10 LPM

48
Q

Partial Rebreather Mask O2 Concentration

A

40-60%

49
Q

Appropriate use for Partial Rebreather Mask

A

Usually not use in EMS. Some patients may use at home to treat ongoing respiratory diseases such as COPD

50
Q

Venturi Mask Flow Rate

A

Varied, depending on device; up to 15 LPM

51
Q

Venturi Mask O2 Concentration

A

24-60%

52
Q

Appropriate use for Venturi Mask

A

A device used to deliver a specific concentration of O2. Device delivers 24-60% O2, depending on adapter tip and O2 flow rate

53
Q

Tracheostomy Mask Flow Rate

A

8-10 LPM

54
Q

Tracheostomy O2 Concentration

A

Can be set up to deliver varying O2 percentages as required by patient; desired percentage of O2 may be recommended by the home care agency

55
Q

Appropriate use for the Tracheostomy Mask

A

A device used to deliver ventilations/O2 through a stoma or tracheostomy tube

56
Q

How should you position a patient with a stoma as you are administering BVM artificial respirations?

A

Leave the head of the patient in the neutral position

57
Q

A constant flow selector valve type of low-pressure flowmeter _________ 1. may only be used with M or larger cylinders 2. is not adjustable 3. may only be used when upright 4. has no gauge

A
  1. has no gauge
58
Q

Vomitus from gastric distension during artificial ventilation 1. is a sign that volume needs to be increased 2. indicates an improperly protected airway 3. is normal 4. indicates inadequate respiration

A
  1. indicates an improperly protected airway
59
Q

Always open the valve on an O2 cylinder fully, then close it by how much to prevent someone else from thinking that the valve is closed and trying to force it open?

A

Half a turn

60
Q

To inflate the reservoir bag of a nonrebreather mask, use your finger to cover the: 1. intake valve 2. exhaust port 3. flowmeter 4. pressure regulator

A
  1. exhaust port
61
Q

At the point at which a patients body has become acidotic from the retention of too much CO2 and from anaerobic metabolism, and he is growing tired, the patient is in: 1. severe respiratory distress 2. increasing respiratory distress 3. respiratory failure 4. respiratory arrest

A
  1. respiratory failure
62
Q

At the smallest level, respiration involved the: 1. lungs 2. bronchioles 3. alveoli 4. cells

A
  1. cells
63
Q

What is the safe residual for an O2 cylinder?

A

200 psi or greater

64
Q

Hazards of O2 Therapy

02 Toxxicity oir Air Sac Collapse

A

This problem is caused in some patients whose lungs react unfavorably to the presence of O2, and also may result from too high a concentration of O2 for too long a period of time. The body reacts to a sensed “overload” of O2 with reduced lung activity and air sac collapse. This is extremely rare in the field

65
Q

Hazards of O2 Therapy

Infant Eye Damage

A

This condition may occur when premature infants are given too much O2 over a long period of time (days). These infants may develop scar tissue on the retina of the eye. O2 by itself does not cause this condition, which is the result of many factors. O2 should never be withheld from an infant with sx of inadequate breathing

66
Q
A
67
Q

Hazards of O2 Therapy

Respiratory Depression or Respiratory Arrest

A

Over time, patients in the end stage of COPD may lose the NORMAL ability to use the body’s blood CO2 levels as a stimulus to breathe. When this occurs, the COPD patient’s body may use low body O2 as the factor that stimulates breathing. Because of this so-called hypoxic drive, EMT’s for years have been trained to administer only low concentrations of O2 to these patients for fear of increasing blood O2 levels and wiping out their “drive to breathe.” As with all patients, make decisions on oxygenation based on the patients presented level of distress and SpO2. Do not withhold O2 from any patient in distress

68
Q

Hazards of O2 Therapy

Exacerbation of Underlying Conditions

A

As previously stated, O2 has been demonstrated to contributed to reperfusion injury. Conditions such as MI and CVA are subject to those risks. The risks of prolonged hyperpoxia are are still unclear. In some animal models, hyperpoxiahas been linked with accelerated cell death and vasoconstriction. These risks have not been well demonstrated in human testing. However, if those risks are real, providing unneccessary O2 is simply contributing to a problem. It is reasonable. It is reasonable to assume that patients with reliable, normal O2 saturations and no sx of hypoxia do not require additional O2 therapy

EMT - B (41 decks)

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