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Clinical & Neuropsychology > NP: Chapter 4 Neuroimaging > Flashcards

NP: Chapter 4 Neuroimaging Flashcards

1
Q

cat/ct scan wanneer uitgevonden

A

1970

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2
Q

wat doet cat/ct scan

A

anatomical images of the brain via rontgenfotos.

Bij het maken van een CT worden er heel veel röntgenfoto’s gemaakt, vanuit een groot aantal hoeken. Vervolgens wordt er met behulp van een computer een driedimensionale afbeelding (3D) gemaakt aan de hand van al die röntgenfoto’s.

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3
Q

hoe werkt rontgen

A

Röntgenstraling ontstaat als er elektronen met een hele hoge snelheid botsen. Deze straling kan worden opgewekt in een zogenaamde röntgenbuis. De straling wordt gebruikt om röntgenfoto’s te maken.

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4
Q

waar staat cat voor

A

computed axial tomography

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5
Q

wanneer ct scan

A

bij rapid assessment in acute state

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6
Q

wat kan een ct scan laten zien

A

cerebral hemorrhage or cerebral confusion after trauma
bones
internal organs
blood flow
stroke
tumoren/cancer
dementie

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7
Q

voordelen en nadelen ct scan

A

+ snel
+ resolutie best hoog
- exposure to straling
- vaak ook contrast nodig voor duidelijkheid

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8
Q

SPECT and PET scan uileg

A

spect: photons
pet: radioactieve particles which stick to receptors

-> cameras locate the particles

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9
Q

wat laten spect en pet dan dus zien

A

brain processes, waar bepaalde neurotransmitter systems goed en fout werken, waar circulatie is en waar energy consumption.

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10
Q

dus verschil ct en pet bijvoorbeeld

A

ct = anatomical image
pet = brain processes, wat er gebeurd

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11
Q

MRI =

A

magnetic resonance imaging.

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12
Q

wat laat mri zien

A

anatomical structure

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13
Q

fMRI

A

laat bloodflow zien door het meten van oxygenated blood (tov. non oxygenated)

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14
Q

meg =

A

magnetoencephalography

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15
Q

meg uitleg

A

meet magnetic fields -> zo kunnen we zien waar neuronal activity is

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16
Q

eros =

A

event related optical signals

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17
Q

eros uitleg

A

infrared light-> carried by optical fibres, to measure brain activity

18
Q

ultrasound

A

utilizes sound waves (bij baby research)

19
Q

ct scan voordelen details

A

+ resolution
+ non invasive
+ bones goed zien
+ clearly distinguish between ventricles of the brain

20
Q

mri scan voordelen

A

+ resolution
+ brain structure
+ clearly distinguished between grey and white matter

21
Q

hoe werkt een MRI scan

A

magnet switched on and off quickly -> hydrogen protons align their axis of rotation with the magnetic field lines -> radiofrequency field -> protons are out of equilibrium, against the pull of the magnetic field -> radiofield turned off -> protons bounce back to original state -> energy is released -> measured

22
Q

what 2 factors determine the final image produced

A
  1. the precise order of the pulses
  2. the sequence of the gradients
23
Q

T1 weighted scan

A

T1: vocht zwart, rest wit

Lichaamsdelen waar geen water zit, zoals lucht of bot, geven geen signaal en zijn altijd zwart op de MRI-scan.

24
Q

T2 weighted scan

A

T2: vocht wit, rest zwart

Lichaamsdelen waar geen water zit, zoals lucht of bot, geven geen signaal en zijn altijd zwart op de MRI-scan.

25
Q

welke soort MRI scan wordt gebruikt voor brain anatomy

A

T1 (meeste van brein wit, vocht zwart)

26
Q

welke scan wordt gebruikt voor white matter lesions/intensities

A

T2, meeste van brein zwart, vocht wit.

27
Q

6 dingen die een mri kan meten

A

brain anatomy
white matter lesions
volume of brain (parts)
local thickness of cortex
surface of the cortex
lenght and thickness of the white matter pathways that connect the brain

28
Q

volumetry =

A

meten van volume.

dmv T1 scans. -> dmv voxels (3D pixels with high resolution)
labeling the voxels to the type of tissue (eg. grey matter) and then multiplying them by size = determine volume.

29
Q

voxel based morphometry VBM

A

determine the density of the grey and white matter

30
Q

cortical thickness

A

width of gray matter layer around the cortex
T1 scan (want je moet duidelijk verschil zien tussen white, grey and csf)

31
Q

DTI

A

diffusion tensor imaging

= water moleculen

fractional anisotrophy: preferred direction of water in a given voxel
diffusivity: average rate of difusion across the voxel
mean, axial, radial diffusivity

32
Q

magnetic resonance spectroscopy = MRS

A

provides information about the concentration of a certain molecule in the brain (vaak specifiek per locatie gebruikt, wat voor moleculen aanwezig in de amygdala?)

33
Q

wat wordt bedoeld met de zin ‘brain functions are dynamic”

A

in the sense that they are active only when they are invoked. when a function is at rest, the areas of the brain are still active but to less extend. dus delen van het brein staan nooit uit, alleen gewoon minder actief

34
Q

hoe kunnen we brain functions meten globaal

A

measure a change in activity -> difference between energy consumption in the active vs rest state (meten met metabilsime scans) = subtraction method

35
Q

2 soorten measurements van electrical signals

A
  1. electroencephalography EEG: meten active neurons
  2. magnetoencephalography MEG: meten magnetic fields produced by action potentials
36
Q

EEG:

A

functional imaging, electrodes attached to the head. meet vooral: large number of neurons that react together

37
Q

3 types of info measured with EEG

A
  1. time lapse and strenght of neural reaction
  2. amplitude of different waves
  3. locations of areas that react to a task
38
Q

probleem van EEG

A

ELECTRICAL FIELD IS DISRUPTED BY THE SURROUNDING TISSUE (HAAR, SKIN, SKULL) = LARGE ERROR MARGIN

39
Q

voordelen MEG tov EEG

A

magnetic fields are not disrupted by tissue or bone = more accurate resolution
MEG can measure brain waves that EEG cannot see; gamma waves

40
Q

fMRI

A

oxygen saturation
BOLD response
measures brain activity!
-> detecting changes in blood oxygenation and flow that occur in response to neural activity.
when a brain area is more active it requires more oxygen voor meer blood flow.
can show which parts of the brain are involved in a certain process

41
Q

2 functional image processing methods

A

look at connection between the areas, not the areas seperately

  1. resting state method: correlation between signals from ares, strenght of the correlation = strenght of connection between areas
  2. mind reading: use patterns of brain activation to work out what a person is seeing.
    decide on brain patterns per task -> daarna kijken naar brain patterns en kan je zien welke task ze uit voeren

dus kijken naar huis ~~~
kijken naar paard ‘’’.
als je deze ziet ~~~ weet je het is huis, “”. deze dan weet je dat de subject naar paard kijkt

Clinical & Neuropsychology (29 decks)

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