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Clinical & Neuropsychology > CP: Chapter 2 Current paradigms in psychopathology > Flashcards

CP: Chapter 2 Current paradigms in psychopathology Flashcards

1
Q

paradigm =

A

A paradigm is a conceptual framework or general perspective.
Paradigms specify what problems scientists will investigate and
how they will go about the investigation and inform the way we
approach psychopathology.

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2
Q

the environment shapes our genes, and our genes shape the environment

A

oke

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3
Q

wat is genetic vulnerability

A

de genen die een risicofactor zijn voor een bepaalde ziekte

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4
Q

heritability

A

the extend to which variability of a trait can be accounted to genetics

  • ranges from 0-1 (higher = higher heritability)
  • only on population-level, not for individual!
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5
Q

shared environment

A

things that people from a family have in common: income, status, quality

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6
Q

nonshared environment

A

things that are distinct among members of a family: friends, relationships.

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7
Q

which type of environment has more to do with the development of psychopathology

A

shared environment

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8
Q

behaviour genetics

A

is the study of the degree to which genes and environmental factors influence behavior

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9
Q

behaviour genetics is NOT….

A

is not the study of how genes or the environment determine behavior. Many behavior genetics studies estimate the heritability of a psychological disorder without providing any information about how the genes might work.

dus gaat niet over hoe, maar de degree to which genes + environmental factors influence behaviour

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10
Q

genotype =

A

An individual’s genetic constitution, that is, the totality of genes present in the cells of an individual; often applied to the genes contributing to a single trait.

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11
Q

phenotype =

A

The totality of physical characteristics and behavioral traits of an
individual or of a particular trait exhibited by an individual; the product of interactions between genetics and the environment over the course
of development.

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12
Q

molecular genetics =

A

Studies that seek to determine the components of a trait that are
heritable by identifying relevant genes and their functions.

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13
Q

genetic polymorphism =

A

the presence of two or more variant forms of a specific DNA sequence that can occur among different individuals or populations

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14
Q

waar worden promotors door herkent

A

transcription factors

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15
Q

twee verschillen in genen

A
  • SNPs: single nucleotide polymorphisms -> een verschillend nucleotide in DNA (ATGC)
  • CNVs: copy number variations -> verschillen in de structuur, abnormal copies of one or more sections of the DNA
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16
Q

CNVs detail

A

Refers to variation in gene structure involving copy number changes in a defined chromosomal region; could be in the form of a deletion where a copy is deleted or an addition (duplication) where an extra copy is added.

dus:
- deletie chromosomal region
- addition chromosomal region

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17
Q

gene-environment interaction

A

The influence of genetics on an individual’s sensitivity or reaction to an environmental event.

bv: sommige mensen developen spinnen phobia na being bitten, others do not

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18
Q

gene-environment interaction depression

A

people who have short-short or short-long allele of serotonin transporter gene (5-HTT) AND were maltreaded as a child -> more risk of getting depression

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19
Q

epigenetics

A

the study of how the environment can influence gene expression

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20
Q

hoe kunnen parenting behaviours worden doorgegeven op een nongenetic manier

A

bij ratten: licking/grooming and arched-back nursing (LG-ABN) of pups that contribute to the development of individual differences in behavioral responses to stress. As adults, the offspring of mothers that exhibited high levels of LG-ABN showed substantially reduced behavioral fearfulness in response to novelty compared with the offspring of low LG-ABN mothers.

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21
Q

what do terminal buttons do

A

they release neurotransmitters

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22
Q

dopamine

A

addiction
schizophrenia
parkinson
anxiety

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23
Q

norepinephrine

A

sympathetic nervous system
anxiety and stress

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24
Q

gamma-aminobutyric acid GABA

A

inhibiting!!!
may be involved in anxiety

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25
Q

serotonine

A

depression
OCD
anxiety

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26
Q

which neurotransmitters are linked to anxiety

A

Dopamine, GABA, serotonin, and norepinephrine

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27
Q

agonist

A

produces the same effect as their target neurotransmitter would

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28
Q

antagonist

A

produces the opposite effect their target neurotransmitter would (decreases the effect)

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29
Q

corpus callosum

A

allows the hemispheres to communicate

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30
Q

grey matter consists of

A

cell bodies, soma, dendrites

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31
Q

white matter

A

interior, myelinated fibres that connect the brain

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32
Q

nuclei

A

where nerves come together
messages are integrated here from different centres

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33
Q

basal ganglia

A

regulate stopping and initiating of motor and cognitive functions

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34
Q

frontal

A

reasoning, problem solving, working memory, emotions

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35
Q

parietal

A

touch

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36
Q

occipital

A

vision

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37
Q

temporal

A

discrimination of sound

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38
Q

medial prefrontal cortex

A

regulates amygdala

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39
Q

thalamus

A

relay station for sensory inputs

40
Q

where do things get processed as conscious sensations

A

via the cortex

41
Q

brain stem =

A

neural relay station

42
Q

pons connects…

A

cerebellum and motor areas

43
Q

where does the cerebellum receive info from

A

vestibular aparatus of the ear
muscles

44
Q

function cerebellum

A

posture
coordination
balance
equilibrium

45
Q

limbic systems

A
  • visceral and physical expressions of emotion
  • expression of primary drives
46
Q

hippocampus =

A

memory

47
Q

hypothalamus

A

metabolism
temperature
perspiration
blood pressure
sleeping
appetite

48
Q

amygdala

A

attention to emotionally salient stimuli

49
Q

when does brain development start

A

first trimester

50
Q

throughout early adulthood, connections in the brain become….

A

fewer but faster

51
Q

which brain parts develop the quickest and which the slowest

A

quickest: sensory -> cerebellum, occipital
latest: frontal cortex

52
Q

how does stress occur in 5 steps

A
  1. threat
  2. hypothalamus releases corticotropin releasing factor CRF
  3. CRF communicates with the pituitary gland
  4. pituitary gland releases ACTH hormone through blood to the adrenal cortex
  5. adrenal cortex promotes the release of cortisol (stress hormone)
53
Q

dus stress occuring in 5 steps

A

threat -> hypothalamus -> CRF -> pituitary gland -> ACTH -> adrenal cortex -> cortisol

54
Q

how long until cortisol peaks

A

30–45 minutes after waking up

55
Q

after the stress period, how long until it returns to baseline

A

an hour

56
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

fight and flight

57
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

rest and digest

58
Q

waar zijn para en sympathetic nervous system onderdeel van

A

autonomous nervous system

59
Q

in which disease does the ANS play a role

A

anxiety

60
Q

cytokines

A

help respond to infection via bv fatigue, fever and activation of the HPA

61
Q

high IL-6

A

minder goede wondheling, diseases etc

62
Q

we must be careful to reductionism…

A

because complex mental and emotional responses are more than just the body

63
Q

4 ways in which consequences of problem behaviour can reinforce itself (via learning)

A
  1. getting attention
  2. escaping from tasks
  3. generating sensory feedback
  4. gaining access to desirable things or situations
64
Q

behavioural activation therapy (BA therapy)

A

based on skinner: the goal of the intervention is to increase environmental reinforcement and reduce punishment.
dus echt positive reinforcement, en geen punishment
gaat om exposure!!!

65
Q

attention bias towards threathening information

A

mensen met anxiety = meer interference for threathening words

66
Q

implicit memory

A

people can, unconsciously, be influenced by prior learning

67
Q

implicit memory in depression and anxiety

A

gewoon problemen mee, leren dat je bijvoorbeeld angst moet krijgen bij bepaalde dingen of depressed bij andere dingen

68
Q

cognitive behaviour therapy

A

paying attention to prior events and try to change their behavior and ways to thinking

= cognitive restructuring

69
Q

becks cognitive therapy

A

Cognitive therapy is based on the cognitive model, which states that thoughts, feelings and behavior are all connected, and that individuals can move toward overcoming difficulties and meeting their goals by identifying and changing unhelpful or inaccurate thinking, problematic behavior, and distressing emotional responses. This involves the individual working with the therapist to develop skills for testing and changing beliefs, identifying distorted thinking, relating to others in different ways, and changing behaviors.

dus minder focus op negatieve dingen

70
Q

wat voor soort defense zijn cytokines

A

slow, specific immunity

71
Q

3 factors that cut across the paradigms

A
  1. emotions -> influence how we respond to problems and challenges, guide behaviour and help us organize our thoughts and actions.
  2. sociocultural factors
  3. interpersonal factors -> relationships, traumas, life events and stress. all about the relational self!
72
Q

emotions =

A

short lived states, lasting for a few seconds minutes or hours = affect

73
Q

3 components of emotions that can be disrupted due to disorders

A
  1. expressive behavioural component: facial expression of emotions
  2. experience subjective component: how someone feels at a given moment
  3. physiological component: changes within the body
74
Q

hoe zijn emoties bij mensen met schizophrenia

A
  • do not express emotions to outside
  • but do report a lot of emotions and feel them strongly
75
Q

ideal affect

A

the kinds of emotional states that a person ideally wants to feel.
= based on culture!
western = happiness
east asian = calmness

76
Q

Cross-nationally, more people in the
United States seek treatment for cocaine and amphetamines, drugs that are stimulating and
associated with feelings of excitement and happiness; more people in China seek treatment for
heroin, a drug that has calming effects

A

oke

77
Q

welke disorders affecten vrouwen meer en welke mannen meer

A

vrouwen - anxiety depression
mannen - antisocial personality disorder, alcohol use, childhood disorders such as ADHD

78
Q

transference=

A

repetitions of old feelings, desires, fantasies or habits is placed into the here and now

79
Q

object-relations theory

A

psychoanalytic

= the way people relate to others and situations in their adult lives is shaped by family experiences during infancy; an adult who experienced neglect or abuse in infancy expects similar behavior from others who, through transference, remind them of the neglectful or abusive parent from their past. These patterns of the behavior of people become repeated images of the events, and eventually turn into objects in the unconscious that the self carries into adulthood to be used in the unconscious to predict people’s behavior in their social relationships and interactions.

80
Q

interpersonal therapy IPT

A

focused on resolving issues with relationships

81
Q

4 targets of IPT

A
  1. unresolved grief
  2. role transitions (child->parent, worker->retired)
  3. role disputes (resolving different relationship expectations between two romantic partners)
  4. Interpersonal or social deficits (bv. lastig vinden om mensen aan te spreken)
82
Q

diathesis=

A

tendency to suffer from a condition, vulnerability

83
Q

distal aspects of diathesis stress model / general psychopathology model

A

heritale predispositions
early experiences

84
Q

proximal aspects of diathesis stress model/ general psychopathology model

A

strenghts and vulnerabilities
support and stress

85
Q

complaints en symptoms hebben vooral effect op…

A

support and stress (meer dan op strenghts and vulnerabilities, want dat zijn meer dingen zoals fenotype en personality)

86
Q

dodo bird effect

A

all therapies are equally useful

87
Q

client focused therapy

A

carl rogers
client talks, is best able to decide on what to explore and how. actief luisteren!

88
Q

3 aspects of client focused therapy

A
  1. authenticity
  2. unconditioned positive regard
  3. empathy

= then the client can self-actualize, become fully functioning
focuses on complaints and symptoms

89
Q

wat is nu de consensus of client focused therapy

A

the 3 aspects are necessary, but not enough. je moet ook nog de underlying mechanisms onderzoeken!

90
Q

early cognitive therapy

A

albert ellis
directive, points out errors, gives advice.
focuses on complaints and symptoms

91
Q

experiental psychology/gestalt psychology

A

fritz perls
directive, here and now, placing yourself in roles, integration of experience and material.
empty chair technique, therapist role.

92
Q

which one of the therapies is process oriented

A

experiental psychology

93
Q

which therapy do you choose?

A

based on:
- individual expertise
- external evidence
- parietal values and expectations

94
Q

mania =

A

A distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased activity or energy

95
Q

how long and how often should mania exist

A

lasting at least 1 week and present most of the day, nearly every day (or any duration if hospitalization is necessary).

Clinical & Neuropsychology (29 decks)

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