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Clinical & Neuropsychology > CP: Chapter 2 Current paradigms in psychopathology > Flashcards

CP: Chapter 2 Current paradigms in psychopathology Flashcards

1
Q

paradigm =

A

A paradigm is a conceptual framework or general perspective.
Paradigms specify what problems scientists will investigate and
how they will go about the investigation and inform the way we
approach psychopathology.

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2
Q

the environment shapes our genes, and our genes shape the environment

A

oke

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3
Q

wat is genetic vulnerability

A

de genen die een risicofactor zijn voor een bepaalde ziekte

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4
Q

heritability

A

the extend to which variability of a trait can be accounted to genetics

  • ranges from 0-1 (higher = higher heritability)
  • only on population-level, not for individual!
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5
Q

shared environment

A

things that people from a family have in common: income, status, quality

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6
Q

nonshared environment

A

things that are distinct among members of a family: friends, relationships.

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7
Q

which type of environment has more to do with the development of psychopathology

A

shared environment

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8
Q

behaviour genetics

A

is the study of the degree to which genes and environmental factors influence behavior

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9
Q

behaviour genetics is NOT….

A

is not the study of how genes or the environment determine behavior. Many behavior genetics studies estimate the heritability of a psychological disorder without providing any information about how the genes might work.

dus gaat niet over hoe, maar de degree to which genes + environmental factors influence behaviour

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10
Q

genotype =

A

An individual’s genetic constitution, that is, the totality of genes present in the cells of an individual; often applied to the genes contributing to a single trait.

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11
Q

phenotype =

A

The totality of physical characteristics and behavioral traits of an
individual or of a particular trait exhibited by an individual; the product of interactions between genetics and the environment over the course
of development.

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12
Q

molecular genetics =

A

Studies that seek to determine the components of a trait that are
heritable by identifying relevant genes and their functions.

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13
Q

genetic polymorphism =

A

the presence of two or more variant forms of a specific DNA sequence that can occur among different individuals or populations

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14
Q

waar worden promotors door herkent

A

transcription factors

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15
Q

twee verschillen in genen

A
  • SNPs: single nucleotide polymorphisms -> een verschillend nucleotide in DNA (ATGC)
  • CNVs: copy number variations -> verschillen in de structuur, abnormal copies of one or more sections of the DNA
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16
Q

CNVs detail

A

Refers to variation in gene structure involving copy number changes in a defined chromosomal region; could be in the form of a deletion where a copy is deleted or an addition (duplication) where an extra copy is added.

dus:
- deletie chromosomal region
- addition chromosomal region

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17
Q

gene-environment interaction

A

The influence of genetics on an individual’s sensitivity or reaction to an environmental event.

bv: sommige mensen developen spinnen phobia na being bitten, others do not

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18
Q

gene-environment interaction depression

A

people who have short-short or short-long allele of serotonin transporter gene (5-HTT) AND were maltreaded as a child -> more risk of getting depression

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19
Q

epigenetics

A

the study of how the environment can influence gene expression

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20
Q

hoe kunnen parenting behaviours worden doorgegeven op een nongenetic manier

A

bij ratten: licking/grooming and arched-back nursing (LG-ABN) of pups that contribute to the development of individual differences in behavioral responses to stress. As adults, the offspring of mothers that exhibited high levels of LG-ABN showed substantially reduced behavioral fearfulness in response to novelty compared with the offspring of low LG-ABN mothers.

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21
Q

what do terminal buttons do

A

they release neurotransmitters

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22
Q

dopamine

A

addiction
schizophrenia
parkinson
anxiety

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23
Q

norepinephrine

A

sympathetic nervous system
anxiety and stress

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24
Q

gamma-aminobutyric acid GABA

A

inhibiting!!!
may be involved in anxiety

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25
serotonine
depression OCD anxiety
26
which neurotransmitters are linked to anxiety
Dopamine, GABA, serotonin, and norepinephrine
27
agonist
produces the same effect as their target neurotransmitter would
28
antagonist
produces the opposite effect their target neurotransmitter would (decreases the effect)
29
corpus callosum
allows the hemispheres to communicate
30
grey matter consists of
cell bodies, soma, dendrites
31
white matter
interior, myelinated fibres that connect the brain
32
nuclei
where nerves come together messages are integrated here from different centres
33
basal ganglia
regulate stopping and initiating of motor and cognitive functions
34
frontal
reasoning, problem solving, working memory, emotions
35
parietal
touch
36
occipital
vision
37
temporal
discrimination of sound
38
medial prefrontal cortex
regulates amygdala
39
thalamus
relay station for sensory inputs
40
where do things get processed as conscious sensations
via the cortex
41
brain stem =
neural relay station
42
pons connects...
cerebellum and motor areas
43
where does the cerebellum receive info from
vestibular aparatus of the ear muscles
44
function cerebellum
posture coordination balance equilibrium
45
limbic systems
- visceral and physical expressions of emotion - expression of primary drives
46
hippocampus =
memory
47
hypothalamus
metabolism temperature perspiration blood pressure sleeping appetite
48
amygdala
attention to emotionally salient stimuli
49
when does brain development start
first trimester
50
throughout early adulthood, connections in the brain become....
fewer but faster
51
which brain parts develop the quickest and which the slowest
quickest: sensory -> cerebellum, occipital latest: frontal cortex
52
how does stress occur in 5 steps
1. threat 2. hypothalamus releases corticotropin releasing factor CRF 3. CRF communicates with the pituitary gland 4. pituitary gland releases ACTH hormone through blood to the adrenal cortex 5. adrenal cortex promotes the release of cortisol (stress hormone)
53
dus stress occuring in 5 steps
threat -> hypothalamus -> CRF -> pituitary gland -> ACTH -> adrenal cortex -> cortisol
54
how long until cortisol peaks
30–45 minutes after waking up
55
after the stress period, how long until it returns to baseline
an hour
56
sympathetic nervous system
fight and flight
57
parasympathetic nervous system
rest and digest
58
waar zijn para en sympathetic nervous system onderdeel van
autonomous nervous system
59
in which disease does the ANS play a role
anxiety
60
cytokines
help respond to infection via bv fatigue, fever and activation of the HPA
61
high IL-6
minder goede wondheling, diseases etc
62
we must be careful to reductionism...
because complex mental and emotional responses are more than just the body
63
4 ways in which consequences of problem behaviour can reinforce itself (via learning)
1. getting attention 2. escaping from tasks 3. generating sensory feedback 4. gaining access to desirable things or situations
64
behavioural activation therapy (BA therapy)
based on skinner: the goal of the intervention is to increase environmental reinforcement and reduce punishment. dus echt positive reinforcement, en geen punishment gaat om exposure!!!
65
attention bias towards threathening information
mensen met anxiety = meer interference for threathening words
66
implicit memory
people can, unconsciously, be influenced by prior learning
67
implicit memory in depression and anxiety
gewoon problemen mee, leren dat je bijvoorbeeld angst moet krijgen bij bepaalde dingen of depressed bij andere dingen
68
cognitive behaviour therapy
paying attention to prior events and try to change their behavior and ways to thinking = cognitive restructuring
69
becks cognitive therapy
Cognitive therapy is based on the cognitive model, which states that thoughts, feelings and behavior are all connected, and that individuals can move toward overcoming difficulties and meeting their goals by identifying and changing unhelpful or inaccurate thinking, problematic behavior, and distressing emotional responses. This involves the individual working with the therapist to develop skills for testing and changing beliefs, identifying distorted thinking, relating to others in different ways, and changing behaviors. dus minder focus op negatieve dingen
70
wat voor soort defense zijn cytokines
slow, specific immunity
71
3 factors that cut across the paradigms
1. emotions -> influence how we respond to problems and challenges, guide behaviour and help us organize our thoughts and actions. 2. sociocultural factors 3. interpersonal factors -> relationships, traumas, life events and stress. all about the relational self!
72
emotions =
short lived states, lasting for a few seconds minutes or hours \= affect
73
3 components of emotions that can be disrupted due to disorders
1. expressive behavioural component: facial expression of emotions 2. experience subjective component: how someone feels at a given moment 3. physiological component: changes within the body
74
hoe zijn emoties bij mensen met schizophrenia
- do not express emotions to outside - but do report a lot of emotions and feel them strongly
75
ideal affect
the kinds of emotional states that a person ideally wants to feel. = based on culture! western = happiness east asian = calmness
76
Cross-nationally, more people in the United States seek treatment for cocaine and amphetamines, drugs that are stimulating and associated with feelings of excitement and happiness; more people in China seek treatment for heroin, a drug that has calming effects
oke
77
welke disorders affecten vrouwen meer en welke mannen meer
vrouwen - anxiety depression mannen - antisocial personality disorder, alcohol use, childhood disorders such as ADHD
78
transference=
repetitions of old feelings, desires, fantasies or habits is placed into the here and now
79
object-relations theory
psychoanalytic = the way people relate to others and situations in their adult lives is shaped by family experiences during infancy; an adult who experienced neglect or abuse in infancy expects similar behavior from others who, through transference, remind them of the neglectful or abusive parent from their past. These patterns of the behavior of people become repeated images of the events, and eventually turn into objects in the unconscious that the self carries into adulthood to be used in the unconscious to predict people's behavior in their social relationships and interactions.
80
interpersonal therapy IPT
focused on resolving issues with relationships
81
4 targets of IPT
1. unresolved grief 2. role transitions (child->parent, worker->retired) 3. role disputes (resolving different relationship expectations between two romantic partners) 4. Interpersonal or social deficits (bv. lastig vinden om mensen aan te spreken)
82
diathesis=
tendency to suffer from a condition, vulnerability
83
distal aspects of diathesis stress model / general psychopathology model
heritale predispositions early experiences
84
proximal aspects of diathesis stress model/ general psychopathology model
strenghts and vulnerabilities support and stress
85
complaints en symptoms hebben vooral effect op...
support and stress (meer dan op strenghts and vulnerabilities, want dat zijn meer dingen zoals fenotype en personality)
86
dodo bird effect
all therapies are equally useful
87
client focused therapy
carl rogers client talks, is best able to decide on what to explore and how. actief luisteren!
88
3 aspects of client focused therapy
1. authenticity 2. unconditioned positive regard 3. empathy = then the client can self-actualize, become fully functioning focuses on complaints and symptoms
89
wat is nu de consensus of client focused therapy
the 3 aspects are necessary, but not enough. je moet ook nog de underlying mechanisms onderzoeken!
90
early cognitive therapy
albert ellis directive, points out errors, gives advice. focuses on complaints and symptoms
91
experiental psychology/gestalt psychology
fritz perls directive, here and now, placing yourself in roles, integration of experience and material. empty chair technique, therapist role.
92
which one of the therapies is process oriented
experiental psychology
93
which therapy do you choose?
based on: - individual expertise - external evidence - parietal values and expectations
94
mania =
A distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased activity or energy
95
how long and how often should mania exist
lasting at least 1 week and present most of the day, nearly every day (or any duration if hospitalization is necessary).

Clinical & Neuropsychology (29 decks)

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