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Clinical & Neuropsychology > CP: Lecture 3 Anxiety > Flashcards

CP: Lecture 3 Anxiety Flashcards

1
Q

emotion aspects

A

expression
appraisal
feeling
physiology
action tendencies
behaviour

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2
Q

primary function of emotions =

A

to mobilize the organism to deal quickly with important (interpersonal) encounters

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3
Q

fear =

A

basic emotion
bij immediate danger

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4
Q

physiology bij fear

A

heartrate
blood pressure
muscle tone
breathing

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5
Q

behaviour bij fear

A

freeze, fight, flight, fright

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6
Q

anxiety =

A

threat in the future, dus anticipatory anxiety
complex emotion
gaat om avoidance + preparation

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7
Q

anxiety disorder: irrationality and distress?

A

irrationality: stimulus does not justify the fear, long duration of fear
distress: fear is very aversive, due to which avoidance or safety behaviours occur

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8
Q

DSM 5 anxiety disorders

A

 Separation anxiety disorder
 Selective mutism
 Specific phobia
 Social anxiety disorder
 Panic disorder
 Agoraphobia
 Generalized Anxiety Disorder
 Substance induced anxiety disorder
 Anxiety disorder due to another medical condition
 Other specified / unspecified anxiety disorder

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9
Q

prevalence anxiety per gender

A

bij vrouwen 23 bij mannen 15

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10
Q

anxiety and deptression

A

high comorbidity

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11
Q

relapse bij anxiety?

A

vaak relapse naar een andere anxiety disorder…

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12
Q

ethiology and maintenance of anxiety: mowrer 1950

A

= learning theory!

ethiology: classical conditioning (associating neutral stimulus with unconditioned response)

maintenance: operant conditioning (reinforcement of avoidance)

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13
Q

neurotic paradox =

A

short term: fear gets less temporarily
long term: pathology is maintains, sometimes grows. dus uiteindelijk meer fear terwijl ze dat juist willen vermijden.

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14
Q

critism of learning theory

A
  1. why more fear for certain stimuli?
  2. why sometimes fear without traumatic experience?
  3. why sometimes no fear after traumatic experience?
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15
Q

3 antwoorden op die 3 critisms

A

certain stimuli more fear:
1. Evolutionary preparedness / Prepared learning ->Snakes, Spiders, etc waren gevaarlijk dus meer fear

sometimes fear without trauma:
2. Vicarious learning, Information transfer, Inflation -> Learning ‘through someone else’s experience’

sometimes no fear after trauma:
3. Latent inhibition & Differential learning -> Previous positive experiences & different propensities to acquisition of fear

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16
Q

dus in kort kritiek + antwoorden

A

sommige stimuli meer: door evolutie
fear no trauma: vicarious learning, information transfer, inflation (via anderen)
trauma no fear: latent inhibition, differential learning (door eigen positieve experiences)

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17
Q

specific phobia dsm criteria

A

marked fear or anxiety
always, immediate
avoidance or endured
out of proportion to actual danger
6 months or more
distress impairment
not better explained

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18
Q

soorten specific phobias

A

animal
natural environment
blood-injection-injury
situational
other

19
Q

heritable aspects of anxiety

A

neuroticism is 40%
behavioural inhibition
specific genes voor bv panic disorder

20
Q

environmental factors for anxiety

A

positive and negative experiences
parent modeling
parenting styles

(bv ouders bang helm fietsen)

21
Q

behavioural inhibition

A

temperament; distress in novel situations/people/environments
social anxiety disorder risk later
dit is dus high reactivity!!

22
Q

low reactivity in children

A

minder kans op shyness (only 10%) en minder kans social anxiety (only 15%)

23
Q

high reactivity in children

A

= behavioural inhibition

46% shy later
45% social anxiety symptoms later

24
Q

dus… social anxiety does not always have a …. temperament

A

vulnerable!

25
Q

waarom werkt exposure voor phobia? 3 verschillende theorieen

A
  • reciprocal inhibition: relaxation response causes inhibition (maar is niet zo, ook response without relaxation)
  • erase, replace association -> habituation (no, fear can return)
  • extinction -> inhibition of CS-US association by a CS-noUS association (ja!)
26
Q

inhibition of CS-US association door

A

amygdala

27
Q

CS-noUS association door

A

prefrontal cortex and hippocampus

28
Q

medical therapy specific phobia

A

 Cognitive enhancers with exposure?
◦ D-cycloserine
 Disrupting memory reconsolidation?
◦ Beta-blockers

29
Q

verschil panic disorder and other anxiety disorders

A

panic disorder = unpredictable panic attacks. andere disorders hebben predictable triggers

30
Q

symptoms of a panic attack

A

surge of fear, within minutes peak

4 van deze:

pounding heart
sweating
short breathing
chest pain
choking
trembling
nausea
dizzy
chills/heat
paressthesisas
derealisation/depersonalisation
losing control/crazy
fear of dying

31
Q

panic circle

A

trigger stimulus (internal or external)
|
perceived threat -> apprehension or worry -> bodily sensations -> misinterpreted as catastrophic -> perceived threat etc.

32
Q

wat was de oude explanation for panic disorder

A

hyperventilation causes dysregulation of blood acidity

33
Q

welke anxiety is het meest prominent bij GAD

A

worries about the future

34
Q

a criteria GAD

A

excessive anxiety and worries, more than 6 months, more than 2 domains

35
Q

B criteria GAD

A

difficult to control the worry

36
Q

c criteria

A

at least 3/6:

restlessness
fatigue
concentration
irritability
muscle tension
sleep disturbance

37
Q

d, e, f criteria

A

d = distress
e= substance/medical?
f = other disorder?

38
Q

ethiology of GAD (4 soorten)

A
  • deficiency of GABA _. dus geen inhibition? (benzodiazepines lijken te werken)
  • Borkovec: worrying is avoidance, therefore lowers arousal
  • Newman and Llera: worrying induces negative mood, therefore less contrast in case of catastrophe -> reduced uncertainty (which is better than anxiety)
  • meta-cognitive model (Wells): 1. worrying helps 2. worrying gets out of control
39
Q

welke therapy has been proven to be better than CBT for GAD

A

metacognitive therapy

40
Q

dus worrying is basically…

A

maladaptive coping, that maintains a negative emotional state and prevents true emotional processing, which makes the anxiety persists.

41
Q

GAD and depression overlap misschien door….

A

◦ Neuroticism?
◦ Trans-diagnostic process?
- Repetitive Negative Thinking
- Future/ uncertain: GAD
- Past / certain: Depression

42
Q

transdiagnostic =

A

gelijke symptomen bij verschillende disorders

43
Q

 Fear is adaptive, but it can derail…
 Fear is also: behavior and physiology
 Genes: general and specific vulnerabilities
 Environment: positive vs negative
modelling & experience
 Fear learning:
◦ Conditioning, Vicarious, Information transfer
 Maintenance: Avoidance & Cognitions
 Fear memory persists in amygdala
 Treatment: Exposure
◦ Inhibition by newly acquired extinction memory

A

oke

Clinical & Neuropsychology (29 decks)

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