CP: Chapter 3 Diagnoses and Assessment Flashcards
reliability
consistency of measurement
interrater reliability
degree to which two independent observers agree on what they have observed
test-retest reliability
extend to which people being observed multiple times, receive similar scores
alternate form reliability
zijn de scores op twee forms of the test consistent?
internal consistency reliability
whether the items on a test are related/similar scores to each other.
validity
does the measurement measure what it is supposed to measure?
content validity
does the measurement measure all aspects of the domain of interest?
Is the test fully representative of what it aims to measure?
criterion validity
does the test correlate to outcomes of other tests that are related?
concurrent validity
measures how well a new test compares to an well-established test
predictive validity
measures how well the measurement can predict some other variable that is measured at some point in the future
construct validity
Does the test measure the concept that it’s intended to measure?
verschil construct en content validity
Construct validity: bij measurements die niet duidelijk zijn (covert of indirect), komt het overeen met de theorie?
Content validity: Is the test fully representative of the domain of interest, dus ook alle aspecten ervan?
construct validity eigenschappen
evaluated by looking at a wide variety of data from multiple resources. based on theory, want wat denken wij dat alle aspecten zijn van bv anxiety? op basis daarvan bepalen we welke dingen we willen meten
diagnosis=
the process of assessing whether a person meets the criteria for a psychological disorder.
pros of diagnosing system
- communication is effective
- facilitates the search for causes and treatments
- treatment planning is possible
treatment planning=Treatment planning is a process in which the therapist tailors, to the greatest extent possible, the application of available treatment resources to each client’s individual goals and needs.
changes in DSM 5
removal of multiaxial system
diagnoses are not based on causes, but on the symptoms
more sensistivity to the developmental nature of psychopathology
new diagnoses
combining diagnoses
ethical and cultural considerations
outcomes for schizophrenia are .. (culture)
more favorable in nigeria, india and colombia than industrialized countries
criticism DSM
- too many diagnoses
- too many distinctions based on small differences, veel comorbidity terwijl dit misschien hetzelfde is
- categorical classification instead of dimensional classification (categorical= yes or no, dimensional = schaal van 0-10 bijvoorbeeld autisme of anxiety)
- niet elke clinician volgt de dsm, dus reliability is decreased daardoor
- validity: Diagnoses have construct validity if they help in making accurate predictions.
negative effects of diagnoses in general
- worry and fear for stigma
- lose sight of uniqueness of a person, bv all persons with autism are different
difference clinical and structural interviews
clinical is meer een gesprek, structural is meer een vragenlijst
projective tests
stimuli are presented and responses are thought to be determined by unconscious processes (rorschach inkblot test)
voorbeeld direct observation
behavioural assessment, dan identificeert de professional de probleembehaviours and consequences
ecological momentary assessment
= EMA
people reflect back over some time period and report on recently expereinced thoughts, moods or stressors
cognitive style questionnaires
zoals BDI, DAS
help plan targets for treatment as well as determine whether clinical interventions are helping
welke neuroimaging techniques laten structuur van brein zien
MRI, CAT/CT
welke neurotechniques laten de brein function vooral zien
PET en FMRI
tactile performance test time
blindfold, person tries to fit shaped blocks into spaces of a form board
tactile performance test memory
after the test time, people need to draw if back from memory
speech sounds perception test
listen to nonsense words, then select the word they heard from a set of alternatives
cultural bias=
measure developed for one culture may not be equally reliable and valid within a different culture.
avoid culture bias
- training programmes: learn about issues and differences
- modify assessment procedures
- put effort in understanding each other
- make hypotheses about the influence of culture on a particular person
mood disorders=
disorders that are related to mood: either depressive, mania or both.
major depressive disorder criteria
at least 5 symptoms:
of which either: (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure
3) weight loss of weight gain
4) insomnia or hypersomnia
5) psychomotor agitation or retardation
6) fatigue or loss of energy
7) feeling worthless or guilt
8) diminished ability to think or concentrate, indecisiveness
9) recurrent thoughts of death
at least for 2 weeks!
