NP: Chapter 3 Neuropsychological research

Question 1

T of F: je moet altijd large scale group studies gebruiken voor NP research

Answer 1

false, want brain disorders can lead to specific effects in different people! all brain injuries etc are different!
daarom kunnen single case studies ook useful zijn

Question 2

waar zijn single case studies vooral handig voor

Answer 2

voor generation of hypotheses

Question 3

dissociation =

Answer 3

shows that subprocesses are independent of each other as each of them can be disrupted seperately

double dissociation: provides evidence for independence because both processes can be disrupted independently

Question 4

difference fundamental and clinical research

Answer 4

fundamental = underlying disorders and related brain structures
clinical = classification of symptoms, measurements and follow-up of illness)

Question 5

experimental tasks =

Answer 5

designed for research, can give more detailed info than the standard test battery

Question 6

4 limitations of neuropsychological tests

Answer 6

1. value of the conclusions is largely dependent on the quality of the tests and questionnaires
2. test battery can contain only a limited amount of tests (logistic problems)
3. we gaan uit van validity van tests, maar dit weten we nooit 100% zeker (meet deze test wel memory?)
4. missing values: sometimes test batteries cannot be completed (fatigue, inability to perform a task etc) -> problems with analysing and interpreting the data

Question 7

subtraction=

Answer 7

measuring the reaction time for a task that incorporates the psychological process in question, and the reaction time for a nearly identical task without this psychological process (dus zou minder lang moeten duren), and then subtracting the second from the first

Question 8

who invented subtraction and how

Answer 8

frans donders:

3 conditions: 1) detection, 2) go/no go, 3) discrimination reaction time task.

Question 9

hoe bereken je bij subtraction method

Answer 9

By subtracting the time required for simple detection from the time required for discrimination he obtained an estimate of the time required for the discrimination of stimuli; after all, detection and response were the same. Then he could subtract the go/no-go-time from the discrimination reaction time, resulting in an estimate of the time required to make a response. In both conditions, detection and discrimination were
the same.

Question 10

hoe wordt de subtraction method nu gebruikt

Answer 10

vooral voor neuroimaging research, dan ipv de verschillende reaction times worden activatie scores in het brein gebruikt

Question 11

limitation of subtraction method

Answer 11

the difference score is not always reliable

Question 12

single dissociation=

Answer 12

when a manipulation leaves one cognitive function intact (A), and harms/affects another (B)

Question 13

double dissociation =

Answer 13

when one manipulation leaves one cognitive function intact (A), and harms/affects another (B); but another manipulation does the opposite

Question 14

double dissociation does not prove…

Answer 14

the independence of certain cognitive functions and their neural substrates

Question 15

what does double dissociation show then?

Answer 15

it provides stronger evidence for independence

Question 16

caramazza said…

Answer 16

loss of function following a lesion cannot be derived only from the behaviour, and not obv priori knowledge about the function of that location in the brain. we need to study the disrupted cognitive apparatus in individual patients.

Question 17

3 designs for neuropsychological research tests

Answer 17

• compare to normative group (standardized scores) -> but you need good tests, soms lastig
• intra-individual: make participant do a lot of different tests, and compare those (but: healthy individuals also have different results per test, does not neccessarily indicate dysfunction)
• compare patient to control group that is matched with the patient on relevant characteristics

Question 18

confounding factor of longitudinal research

Answer 18

(follow patients over time)
-> test-retest effect

Question 19

cross sectional design =

Answer 19

data verzamelen van veel individuen op een moment

Question 20

limitation of cross sectional design

Answer 20

gaat over de groep patienten, dus kan alleen prognoses maken over average course of the disease.
also: momentopname
also: geen oorzaak-gevolg relatie vast kunnen stellen!

Question 21

problem of sponteneous recovery in research

Answer 21

is het probleem opgelost door treatment, of door spontaneous recovery?

Question 22

hoe problem of spontaneous recovery tegengaan?

Answer 22

multiple baseline design: several pre-measurements zodat je zeker weet waar het effect vandaan komt

of control task

Question 23

hawthorne effect =

Answer 23

when individuals improve/modify their behaviour in response to their awareness of being observed

Question 24

cross over research design

Answer 24

longitudinal: a type of clinical trial in which all participants receive the same two or more treatments, but the order in which they receive them depends on the group to which they are randomly assigned.

Question 25

item-specific training

Answer 25

train them in some items, not in others. then assess: if after treatment the performance only improved in items that were trained, you have an item specific effect

Question 26

test-retest problem

Answer 26

door leren wordt je beter, maar lijkt dan alsof dit door de treatment komt

Question 27

generalization in research

Answer 27

clinical relevance =/= significance

Question 28

randomisation tests

Answer 28

Using a specific statistical technique, called a permutation or
randomisation test, the likelihood of obtaining a certain pattern of scores can be determined. What is the likelihood of this specific pattern emerging compared with all the possible permutations of the observed scores?