CP: Chapter 1 Introduction & historical overview Flashcards
psychopathology
the field concerned with the nature, development and treatment of psychological disorders
-> steeds meer developing and adding new things!
stigma
destructive beliefs and attitudes held by a society that are ascribed to groups considered different in some manner
4 characteristics of a stigma
- distinguishing label is applied
- label refers to undesirable attributes
- people with the label are seen as different
- people with the label are discriminated against
= stigma
how to reduce stigma
insurance coverage mental illness
ban discriminatory laws
employ mental ill people
decriminalization
housing options
educatie people
prevention
online support groups
DSM definition psychological disorder
developmental, psychological and biological dysfunctions are all irrelated, the brain imparct behaviour and the behaviour impacts the brain
- the disorder occurs with the individual
- includes clinically significant difficulties in thinking, feeling or behaving
- personal distress
- dysfunction (psychological/neurobiological/developmental process)
- not culturally specific reaction to an event (bv. death of a loved one)
- not primarily a result of social deviance or conflict with society
3 aspects of psychological disorders
- personal distress
- dysfunction & disability
- violation of social norms
harmful dysfunction
a value judgement = harmful
objective component = dysfunction
demonology
an evil spirit or being can dwell within a person and control their body and or mind
exorcism
the ritualistic casting out of evil spirits.
hippocrates zei…
psychological disorders are diseases of the brain, the brain is the organ of consciousness, intellectual life and emotions
hippocrates 3 soorten mental illnesses
Mania
Melancholia
Phrenitis (or brain fever).
wanneer werden humanitarian reforms ingezet
18th century
wie was de eerste vrouwelijke arts in de westerse wereld
Dorothea Lynde Dix
catharthic method:
breuer
reliving an earlier trauma and releasing emotional tension by expressing previously forgotten thoughts about the event
psychoanalytic theory 3 parts
id = devil, pleasure principle (present at birth)
ego = develops during the second 6 months of life, conscious. reality principle
superego = goed, moral. develops during childhood.
defense mechanisms
repression, denial, projection, displacement, reaction formation, regression, rationalization, submission
repression
keeping unacceptable thoughts or impulses from conscious awareness
denial
not accepting a painful reality into conscious awareness
projection
onacceptabele eigenschappen of emoties van jezelf ontkennen, verbergen of verdringen door deze toe te schrijven aan iets of iemand anders.
(a man who hates a racial group believes they dislike him instead)
displacement
redirecting emotional responses from the real target to something or someone else
reaction formation
changing an unacceptable feeling to its opposite
(person with sexual feelings for child leads campaign about anti child abuse)
regression
Retreating to the behavioral patterns of an earlier stage of development
(An adolescent dealing with unacceptable feelings of social inadequacy attempts to mask those feelings by seeking oral gratification)
rationalization
offering acceptible reasons for unacceptable actions or attitudes
(A parent berates a child out of impatience, then indicates that she did so to “build character”)
submission
converting unacceptible aggressive or sexual impulses into socially valued behaviours (someone who has aggressive feelings towards his father -> becomes a butcher or a surgeon)
psychoanalysis is to…
understand childhood better and the underlying root of problems
psychoanalysis 3 factoren
Free association: A person tries to say whatever comes to mind without censoring anything.
Interpretation: The analyst points out the meaning of certain of a person’s behaviors.
Analysis of transference: The person responds to the analyst in ways that the person has previously responded to other important figures in his or her life, and the analyst helps the person understand and interpret these responses.
carl jung invloed
- invented collective psychology
Jung hypothesized that in addition to the personal unconscious postulated by Freud, there is a collective unconscious, the part of the unconscious that is common to all human beings and that consists primarily of what Jung called archetypes, or basic categories that all human beings use in conceptualizing about the world.
adler invloed
- invented individual psychology
regarded people as inextricably tied to their society because he believed that fulfillment was found in doing things for the social good.
3 commonly held assumptions of freud (still to this day)
- childhood experiences help shape adult personality
- there are unconscious influences on our behaviour
- the causes and purposes of human behaviour are not always obvious
behaviourism focuses on…
observable behavior rather than on consciousness or mental functioning
behaviourism: meest famous 3 vormen
- classical conditioning
- operant conditioning
- modeling
modeling =
Learning often goes on even in the absence of reinforcers. We all learn by watching and imitating others, a process called modeling.
cognitive therapy =
Cognitive therapy is based on the idea that people not only behave, but also think and feel. All cognitive approaches have one thing in common. They emphasize that how
people construe themselves and the world is a major determinant of psychological disorders. In cognitive therapy, the therapist typically begins by helping clients
become more aware of their maladaptive thoughts. By changing cognition, therapists hope that people can change their feelings, behaviors, and symptoms.
Albert Ellis’s rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT):
Ellis’s (1913–2007) principal thesis was that sustained emotional reactions are caused by internal sentences that people repeat to themselves; these self-statements reflect sometimes unspoken assumptions—irrational beliefs—about what is necessary to lead a meaningful life. In Ellis’s REBT (Ellis, 1993, 1995), the aim is to eliminate these ultimately self-defeating beliefs.
systematic desensitization
for anxiety and phobias
(1) deep muscle relaxation
(2) gradual exposure to a list of feared situations, starting with those that arouse minimal anxiety and progressing to those that are the most frightening. Wolpe hypothesized that a state or response opposite to anxiety is substituted for anxiety as the person is exposed gradually to stronger and stronger doses.
common missatribution bij disorders
circular reasoning
he has ADHD <-> he is busy
the criterion problem =
difficulties defining a mental disorder
kring et al disorder =
disability and dysfunction
distress
violation of social norms
butcher et al disorder =
suffering
maladaptation
deefiancy
social dyscomfort
dangerousness
violation of social standards
irrationality and unpredictability
comper et al disorder = (4xD)
danger
deviance
dysfunction
distress
demarcation problem
where do we draw the line between normal and abnormal
mechanistic approach
based on statistics. vaak beter dan clinical judgement
dsm history
first 2 versions included the ethiology, vanaf dsm 3 niet meer -> alleen nog maar classificeren in symptomen!
wat is een uitzondering op de ethiology
ptsd, dit moet echt een oorzaak hebben.
manic episode dsm criteria
distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated expansive or irritated mood and abnormally and persistently increased activity or energy
hoelang moet manic episode minimaal zijn
1 week
symptomen manic episode
at least 3 of these:
inflated self esteem
decreased need for sleep
talkative
flight of ideas
distractable
increased goal directed activity or psychomotor agitation
excessive involvement in activities that could be painful
dunning kruger effect
when ppl without knowledge overestimate their own knowledge
men wat voor disorders meer
substance
attention disorders
behaviour disorders
hoeveel mensen comorbidity
46%
technological determinism
reductionism, technology determines the development of social structure and cultural values
