NP: Chapter 1 History of neuropsychology Flashcards
hippocrates zei
400 BC
all abnormal behaviours & emotions stemmed from the workings of the brain
The ancient Greek believed that each of the 4 humors was a result of an excess of one of the 4 bodily fluids. For them, the excess amount of fluids determined a person’s character. The 4 humors included choleric (yellow bile), melancholic (black bile), sanguine (blood) and phlegmatic (phlegm).
balance between fluids = health
descartes
1600
Soul is an independent entity that is located in the pineal gland
i think therefore i am
franz joseph gall
1800
many mental organs located in the gray matter/cortex of the brain -> prenology
cell theory
cavities in the brain (ventricles, toen cells) were the site of the mind, divided.
1. receive info from senses
2. interpret the image
3. stored the image (memory)
ancient greeks: 3 forms of a soul
- survival via food intake
- activities or an organism in relation to the environment
- distinguishing between good and bad (psychikon hegemonikon= guiding principle)
only humans had these 3 forms.
descartes nog een keer overzichtje
mind and body are distinct.
mind = thinking, body = extension, non-thinking
gall nog een keer overzicht
all mental/psychological functions are innate
all functions are localized in a part of the brain = phrenology
cortex plays a crucial role
slecht voor de church
jean martin charcot
linked clinical signs to anatomical lesions
jean martin charcot steps
- documentation of clinical signs
- wait till mortem, autopsy
- link
holism =
trying to understand the human mind and behaviour as a whole. people are more than simply the sum of their parts
reductionism/localization
trying to break down things into their smaller parts, reduce
luria
the first person to focus on rehabilitation of patients with cognitive disorders.
balance between holism and localization
halstead
effect of brain injury on intelligence
made the halstead-reitan iq test battery
1960 two developments that lead to neuropsych. as a separate discipline
- geschwind; encouraged ppl to work on the basis of wernickes framework (for charting the functioning of the brain) -> double dissociations
- roger sperry: split brain surgery lead to the knowledge of specialized functions of each hemisphere
fodor
believed that language ability is innate, we have no awareness about them and no control.
module van fodor =
functionally specialized cognitive systems that have multiple features but not necessarily all at the same time.
Modularity of mind is the notion that a mind may, at least in part, be composed of innate neural structures or mental modules which have distinct, established, and evolutionarily developed functions.
denkt dus dat iig een deel van het brein door innate neural structures composed is
4 characteristics van modules
- only process certain information = domain specific
- innate
- carries out its work regardless of what other processes are occuring
- computationally autonomous and has its own neural architecture
independent autonomous innate domain specific
artistoteles
mind is seperate from, and independent of, the body and the senses
hypocrates
the brain is the seat of the thought
thucydides
survivors of the pest:
“For the disorder which had
originally settled in the head
passed gradually through the
whole body, …. Some again had
no sooner recovered than they
were seized with a forgetfulness
of all things and knew neither
themselves nor their friends.
galen did…
wrote the standard textbook on medicine, influenced by the theory of humorism.
4 humours should be balenced, too much leads to:
* red blood: friendly with a rosey tinted appearance.
* yellow bile: bitter, short tempered, and with yellow skin.
* black bile: lazy, fearful and sickly with black hair and
black eyes.
* phlegm: low spirited, forgetful, and with white hair.
wat zei galen later
mental functions are carried out by the gray and white matter of the brain (door animal dissections)
waarom lastig om vroeger brain-behaviour relationships te onderzoeken
omdat het verboden was om op mensen te experimenteren
herophilus
not the brain itself, but the ventricles are the seat of intellect
3th for cognition
4th for memory
vesalius
founder of brain anatomy
descartes globaal
The mind is undivided,
independent and
immaterial; located in
the pineal gland in te
brain.
descartes namen body and mind
body = res extensa (reflective)
mind = res cogitans (operates seperately but controls the body)
lavater
physiognomy
protuding eyes = languages
protuberance behind ears = aggression
phrenology
door gall, observing/feeling the skull to determine an individuals psychological attributes
4 concepts of gall
- the brain is the seat of our mental abilities,
- the different mental abilities are carried out by separate “organs”,
- these organs can be discerned easily on the basis of brain morphology,
- the size of an organ is directly related to the profiency in that mental ability
flourens
experimental studies w/ pigeons and rabbits -> cortex as a whole carries out all functions. the more you remove, the more impairment = action propre
waarom was galls theory dismissed
door experimenteren met animals
en action propre meer acceptable bij de church
tot hoelang is phrenology doorgegaan
1900
eerste science met brain function was door
broca: met patient Lebrogne (= Tan) => argues for clinicopathological correlation between speech disorders and left frontal lobe
wie was de founding father of neurology
jean martin charcot
ook founding father of the diagram makers
waar werkte jean martin charcot aan
MS
parkinson
hysteria
systematic neurological examination
method of the diagram makers =
- observe impaired behavior
- wait till they die
- determine the lesion via post-mortem dissection
eerste rontgen scan
1895 -> bone defects
who invented angiogram
egas moniz in 1949
voor blood supply system
wernicke made the distinction between…
impairments in the understanding (left temporal
lobe) and the production of language (left frontal lobe).
In addition, he makes a prediction about the consequences of damage to the arcuate fasciculus that connects these two regions.
lichtheim
(1885): reports on a patient as predicted by Wernicke.
He can understand and produce language but is unable to repeat what is said to him (“conduction aphasia”).
dus welke impairment stond centraal bij the diagram makers
conduction aphasia
hughlings jackson
patient eliza, large tumor in posterior brain. had imperception: everything looked unfamiliar to her. shes not blind tho!
hoe noemde stauffenberg deze disease van patient eliza later
seelenblindheit.
hoe zie je seelenblindheit in experiment
With reference to the lesion
studies on dogs by Hermann
Munk (1878): blindness after
lesioning the posterior occipital
cortex. The dogs were able to
navigate effectively but showed
no sign that they recognized
objects in front of them
lissauer 2 vormen van seelenblindheit
apperceptieve seelenblindheit
associatieve seelenblindheit
apperceptieve
visual recognition deficit after brain damage caused
by an impoverished internal description of the
outside world.
associatieve
visual recognition deficit after brain damage caused
by a disorder in associating the internal
description with stored information concerning
earlier encounters with that object
dus verschil apperceptieve en associatieve seelenblindheit
apperceptief = impoverished internal description
associatieve = association between internal description with stored information is disrupted
what does a single association imply
serial organisation!
Déjerine (1882):
pure alexia: A patient with damage in the left
posterior hemisphere and in the
posterior corpus callosum who is
left unable to read. Even single
letters are no longer recognised.
However, he can still recognise and
name objects
wilbrand
Reports on a patient with bilateral
posterior brain damage who is
unable te recognise common
objects or familiar faces.
However, this patient remained
proficient at reading.
Dejerine’s and Wilbrands’s
patients together provide evidence
for a “double dissociation”.
The diagram makers
double dissociation provides evidence for…
A “double dissociation” provides evidence for a
parallel organisation: visual recognition of tekst and
objects may become disrupted independently
who found the journal brain
Hughlings Jackson founds the, now prestigious,
journal Brain and in it appear many diagram
papers on brain-behaviour relationships
wat vond freud als kritiek
- The one-to-one relationship
between brain localisations
and behavioural function is
not tenable. - The relative immaturity of
psychological theory is
preventing progress in our
understanding of the brain. - We need to develop first
more advanced
psychological models
holism =
the brain works as an integrated whole
peirre marie
aphasia is a single disorder
kurt goldstein =
holistic approach -> self actualisation (the brain adapts in an integrated manner to loss of function)
waardoor grote stappen in neuropsych
ww2 -> veel survivorswith penetrating head injuries
aleksandr luria
studies of brain injured soldiers. He proposed a
synthesis suggesting that the brain
consists of different subsystems and that
the complex interactions between the
subsystems is responsible for behaviour
sperry=
disconnection of the two hemispheres = split brain patients.
lateralisation!
pinto et al
interaction between visual field and response hand
pinto et al resultaten
geen verschil in detection van circles bij normaal en split brain patients. ook weinig verschil in verbal, right hand and left hand, dus waarschijnlijk is er nog communicatie tussen de twee hemisferen bij split brain patients!
wat nog meer door ww2
development of IQ testen en test batteries
Robert Yerkes (1876-1956) developed the
Army’s Alpha and Beta Intelligence Tests for the
psychological examination of recruits.
- Wechsler Adult Intelligende Scale
- Halstead–Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery
lashley
studied patients
with gunshot wounds from WWII
(especially the frontal lobes) with
neuropsychological tests and
concluded that there was no
evidence for functional
specialisation. He called this the
principle of equipotentiality: “Mass
action”.
Not again? Obviously, the brain is a complex
system. (weer nieuwe versie van action propre)
wat was action propre dus
het brein werkt samen, geen localisation/specialisation
why is it so difficult to study brain-behaviour effects in brain damaged patients
- diaschisis
- compensation
- interfering impairments
- abnormal brain
- poorly developed concept of function localisation
diaschisis
= the fallacy of focal leasions
brain injury -> more widespread effects than just local, also distant effects
compensation
the test performance does not decessarily reflext the disrupted processing! perhaps a patient has developed strategies that help to compensate for their loss of function.
bv slow on verbal memory test, niet door memory maar door compensation voor verbal via nonverbal
interfering impairments
= cognitive functions
Input-, output and control deficits are not
always easy to exclude. For instance:
- impairments in executive or emotional
functioning are often difficult to assess but may
nevertheless have important repercussions. - subtile deficits may have substantial effects
‘down-stream’.
dus lastig; welk deel is nou impaired? deficits op attention leidt tot heel veel andere dingen
different brains
elk brein is anders! sommige mensen broca bv ergensanders
3 manieren van individual differences
developmental extremes
mild perinatal abnormal development (e.g.
hormonal)
was the brain premorbidly normal (e.g. split-
brain surgery for the alleviation of epilepsy)
poorly developed concept of function localisation
Theoretical framework
- overall concept: modules vs networks vs mass action
- individual differences: probabilistic instead of absolute
localisation and differentiation
Point versus distributed localisation
- V2 vs grandmother cell
Overlapping localisation
