Neurology Lecture 6

Question 1

What is meant by the term anisokoria?

Answer 1

Variation in pupil size

Question 2

Define the conditon that is shown below:

Answer 2

Anisokoria

Question 3

Define the term that is shown below:

Answer 3

Mydriasis = dilation of pupils

Question 4

Define the term that is shown below:

Answer 4

Miosis

Question 5

Name and define the condition that shown below:

Answer 5

Exophthalmus

Question 6

Name and define the term that is shown below:

Answer 6

Strabismus = abnormal alignment of the eyes - they are looking in different directions

Question 7

Name and define the condition that is shown below:

Answer 7

Enopthalmos = sinking (or posterior positioning) of the globe in the orbit

Question 8

Name the condition that is shown below:

Answer 8

Buphthalmia = increased size of the globe - may or may not be associated with increased intraocular pressure (glaucoma)

Question 9

Name the condition that is shown below:

Answer 9

Blepharospasm = closed eyelids, this may indicate pain but can also be associated with muscular + nerve injuries

Question 10

Name the condition that is shown in the image below:

Answer 10

Nictitating membrane protrusion = lateral movement of the 3rd eyelid, may be associated with pain or neurological deficits

Question 11

Name the condition that is shown below:

Answer 11

Horners syndrome: aniscoria, stabismus, encopthalmia and unilateral nictitating membrane protrusion

Question 12

How does the eye typically respond to injury?

Answer 12

Neovascularisation (ingrowth of blood vessels) + squamous keratinising metaplasia

Question 13

What is the drainage angle of the eye?

Answer 13

The drainage angle of the eye is the strucuture where the iris meets the sclera at the anterior part of the iris and drains fluid from the eye

Question 14

Name the lesion that is shown in the image below:

Answer 14

This is a cataract showing degeneration of the lens fibres

Question 15

What is the main response of the retina to injury?

Answer 15

The main response of the retina to injury is to detach and then degenerate

Question 16

What is the main response of the optic nerve to injury?

Answer 16

The main response of the optic nerve to injury is degeneration + cupping (“sinking”) of the optic nerve

Question 17

Contrast secondary and primary glaucoma:

Answer 17

Goniodysgenesis = primary closure of drainage angle where there is direct attachement of the iris to the sclera without formation of the drainage angle - as a result the fluid is not able to drain and builds up leading to a glaucoma - this is a congenital malformation

Secondary gluacoma = secondary to neoplasia or inflammation –> blockage or pressure on the draining angle –> inability to re-absorb fluid + developement of glaucoma

Question 18

What is the condition shown below and what is the effect of it?

Answer 18

Entropion = congential/developemental disease arising from infolding of cutaneous surface of eyelids - causing erosions and ulcerations to the cornea

Question 19

Name the pattern of inflammation that is shown in the image below:

Answer 19

Conjunctivitis (inflammation of the conjunctiva)

Question 20

Name the pattern of inflammation that is shown below:

Answer 20

Keratitis - inflammation of the cornea

Question 21

Name the pattern of inflammation that is shown below:

Answer 21

Uveitis (inflammation of the iris, choroid and ciliary body)

Question 22

Name the pattern of inflammation that is shown in the image below:

Answer 22

Bovine infectious keratoconjunctivitis (pink eye) - is an infection of the cornea + the conjunctiva

Question 23

What is the pattern of inflammation that is shown below?

Answer 23

Equine fungal keratitis - one of the most common is fungal organisms

Question 24

What are the main common causes of keratoconjunctivitis within animals?

Answer 24

Keratoconjunctivitis - caused by markedly reduced tear film production or inappropriate compostion of tear film

Other common causes can include foreign bodies