Lecture 17 - Respiratory 3 Flashcards
Comment on the prevalence of primary lung cancer within domestic species and what are the generic clinical symptoms that are often seen?:
These are quite rare - general clinical signs include coughing, dyspnoea, haemoptysis and lung-digit syndrome - or they can be non-specific e.g lethargy and weight loss
- most are epithelial in nature (carcinomas) and some are mesenchymal- hemaniosarcoma and osteosarcoma
Why are secondary (metastatic) neoplasm more common than primary neoplasms in the lungs?
The pulmonary capillaries filter the tumour emboli. They will have a haematogenous appearance - mutlifocal random distribution involving all lobes
What are the two main types of lung inflammation that can occur?
Pneumonia - typically infectious (occasionally non-infectious e.g. paraquat)
Immune mediated - predominantly affecting bronchi - equine recurrent airway obstruction and feline asthma
What are the four main types of pneumonia classification and what is the clinical significance of classifying them this way?
Four main types of pnuemonia:
- Bronchopneumonia
- Intersititial pneumonia
- Embolci pneumonia
- Granulomatous pneumonia
Useful because this allow prediction of:
- Likely aetiology - bacteria, virus, fungi or parasites
- Route of entry - aerogenous, haematogenous
- Possible sequelae
For the image below:
- State the type of pneumonia that is present
- A clinicopathological finding
- A potential aetiology
- The port of entry
- The type different types seen
- Bronchopneumonia
- Firm exudate filled lung that is likely to sink in formalin
- Aetiology - Bacteria (mycoplasma species) or aspiration/improper tubing
- Port of entry = aerogenous
- Supprative or fibrinous
For the lung below state:
- supprative or fibrinous
- The clinical findings that would be seen
- The distribution
- A likely aetiology
- Supprative
- Productive cough, nasal discharge, obstructive resp. pattern, respiratory sounds - crackling
- Cranioventral
- Mycoplasma species, E.coli, Streptococcus
For the lung below state:
- Fibrinous or supprative
- Likely physical examination findings and systemic signs
- A potential aetiological agent
- Possible sequelae
- A risk factor
- Fibrous
- Cough, nasal discharge, halitosis, restrictive/obstrcutive respiratory pattern, increased crackling sounds. Systemic signs = fever, cyanosis, sepsis and shock
- Mannheimia haemolytica
- Sequestrum - isolated portions of lung that have become necrotic either from ischaemia or necrotising toxins released from pathogenic bacteria (the isolated sections have them become surrounded by connective tissue)
What is the the type of inflammation shown below:
- Briefly define it
- State its distribution
- Clinicopathological findings
- Most likely port of entry
- Aetiological cause for both a haematogenous and an aerogenous port of entry
- The process involved in acute to chronic
- Interstitual pneumonia - inflammation and damage is centered on the interstitium - capillary endothelium, basement membrane, type 1 and 2 pnuemocytes
- Diffisuly affected
- The lungs fail to collapse - have a rubbery texture with rib imprints
- Normally haematogenous
- Usually a hamatogenous port of e.g locally toxic produced metabolites (paraquat), aerogenous injury to pneumocytes - toxic gases (NO) and fumes (smoke)
6.
1: Acute injury to type 1 pneumocytes or endothelium - disrupts the blood-air barrier causing exudative phase
2: Plasma combines with surfactant forming elongate hyaline membranes ahered to BM
3: Alveolar septa thickened by influx of oedema fluid & leukocytes (neutrophils)
4: Followed by a proliferative phase - hyperplasia of type II pneumocytes to replace type 1’s
5: persistant injury results in fibrosis (chronic)
What is the diagnosis of the condition seen below?
Acute interstitiual pneumonia
What is the name of the condition that is seen below and what is the likely cause and name an aetiological agent that could have caused it in pigs?
Chronic lymphocytic interstitual pneumonia with type II pnuemocyte hyperplasia. In pigs cause by swine influenza
Name the condition that is shown below and:
- Name an agent that may have caused it
- Provide a pathogenesis for it
Embolic nephritis
- Vegetative endocarditis
- Lungs act as biological filter for particulate matter and then the thromboemboli become enlodged in the lung
What is the name of the condition shown below?
- State the route of entry
- The basic pathogenesis of it
- A potential aetiologic agent
Granulomatous pneumonia
- The route of entry can either be haemotogenous or aerogenous
- Pathogens that is resistant to intracellular killing mounts an inflammatory response leading to recruitement of macrophages and multinucleated giant cells
- Potential aetiological agent is mycobacterium bovis (tuberculosis)
What is an example of recurrent airway restriction within horses and what is the pathogenesis of it?
Recurrent airway obstruction = COPD, heaves, chronic bronchiolitis emphysema complex
Pathogenesis - occurs through Th2 immune response (allergic) and sensitivity of airways to environmental allergens
What is the likely cuase of feline allergic bronchitis?
Considered to be most likely due to to type 1 hypersensitivity which is IgE - mast cell mediated
What is emphysema and is it typically a primary or a secondary condition in animals?
Involves the expansion of alveoli by air and destruction of alveolar walls - in animals it is always secondary to obstruction of outflow of air (bronchopneumonia) or agonaly
