Lecture 5 - Urinary

Question 1

Describe the appearance of the carnivore and horse kidney:

Answer 1

Unilobar/unipyramidal

Question 2

Describe the appearance of the cow/pig kidney:

Answer 2

multilobar/multipyramidal (only cows have external lobulation)

Question 3

What is the function of the filtration apparatus (glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule)?

Answer 3

filtration of plasma

Question 4

What is the function of the proximal tubules?

Answer 4

Reabsorption of Na, Cl, K, albumin, glucose, water and bicarbonate

Question 5

What is the function of the loop of Henle?

Answer 5

Countercurrent mechanism and Na/K+ ATPase pumps, reabsorbs Na and Cl producing hypotonic solution moves into DCT

Question 6

What is the function of the distal convoluted tubules?

Answer 6

water reabsorption via solute gradient (hypotonic in tubules, iso/hypertonic in interstitium) and ADH effects

Question 7

Fill the blanks in below:

Answer 7

Question 8

Name the pathology that is shown in the glomerulus below:

Answer 8

Amyloidosis

Question 9

Name the pathology that is occuring on the glomerulus below:

Answer 9

glomerular hyperplasia

Question 10

Name the pathology that is occuring in the glomeruli below:

Answer 10

Glomerular atrophy

Question 11

Name the pathology that is occuring below:

Answer 11

fibrosis of the glomerular tuft

Question 12

What is azotaemia?

Answer 12

intravascular accumulation of nitrogenous waste products

Question 13

What is uraemia?

Answer 13

large amount of urea in the blood

Question 14

What percentage of renal tissue must be non-functional before azotaemia and overt clinical signs of renal disease will occur?

Answer 14

70-75% of kidney

Question 15

What pathologic effects are seen with a loss of 70-80% of renal nephrons?

Answer 15

i. Retention of nitrogenous wastes (decrease GFR) = aoztaemia and uremia (GFR ~ 5% of normal
ii. Decreased concentrating ability - PU/PD
iii. Failure of biochemical homestasis - acid base and electrolyte disturbances
iv. disturbances in endocrine function: decrease vitamin D and EPO

Question 16

Compare acute renal failure to chronic renal failure considering:

i. Appearance of the kidneys
ii. Serum biochemistry findings
iii. How the prognosis varies between the two

Answer 16

Question 17

Explain how kindey disease can lead to infarction of a variety of tissues:

Answer 17

1. Endothelial degeneration and necrosis from azotaemia
2. Vasculitis
3. Thrombosis (due to loss of antithrombinin III from glomerular damage)
4. Increased vascular permeability also causes pulmonary oedema and fibrinous pericarditis

Question 18

Explain how renal damage can cause stomatitis and gastritis:

Answer 18

1. Increased salivary and gastric urea converted by resident bacteria to ammonia
2. Caustic injury to epithelium of oral and gastric mucous membranes
3. Ulcerative/necrohaemorrhagic stomatitis and gastritis

Question 19

How does renal damage cause hypoplastic anaemia?

Answer 19

1. Decreased EPO
2. Increased intravascular nitrogenous waste products causes increased erythrocyte fragility

Question 20

How does kidney disease cause fibrous osteodystrophy?

Question 21

Name the condition that is shown below:

Answer 21

Renal dysplasia

Question 22

What species is primary neoplasia common in?

Answer 22

Budgerigar

Question 23

What is an example of a primary renal tumour?

Answer 23

Nephroblastoma: pigs and chickens

Renal carcinoma: Dogs, cattle and sheep

Bilateral renal lymphoma: Cats

Question 24

What are the two ways that infectious glomerulitis occur?

Answer 24

1. Direct colonisation/targeting of cells of glomerulus by infectious organisms - Actinobacillus equuli in foals
2. Depostion of immune complexes (complement proteins and Ig) in glomerular structures - immune mediated glomerulonephritis

Question 25

What is embolic nephritis?

Answer 25

Result of bacteremia causing seeding of bacteria in glomerular capillaries and the formation of abscesses

Question 26

What is interstitual nephritis?

Answer 26

Refers to inflammation of the supportive connective tissue between glomeruli, tubules and blood vessels - interstitual nephritis

Question 27

What is the agent that causes white spotted kidney disease (interstiual nephritis) in cows?

Answer 27

E. Coli - from omphalophlebitis spreads sytemically and causes infection and inflammation in other organs

Question 28

What lesions may be seen with leptospirosis and why is it an important pathogen for vets to be aware of?

Answer 28

Leptospirosis - is a zoonosis risk

Multiple different syndromes: tubulointerstitual nephritis, endometritis and abortions

Question 29

Describe the condition shown below :

a. state the cause
b. describe the pathogenesis of the infection

Answer 29

Pyelonephritis = medullary necrosis and pus on in expanded renal pelvis - ascending infection

Cause - likely an infectious agent:

primary pathogen: Actinobacilum suis (pigs), Leptospirosis (neonatal pigs), Corynebacterium renale (cattle)

opportunists: E.coli, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus
fungi: aspergillus, candida

Metazoan parasites: Stephanurus dentatus (pigs)

Pathogenesis:

Urogenous/Ascending

Haematogenous

Question 30

Name the condition that is shown below and state potential causes:

Answer 30

Amyloidosis - important cause of renal disease in domestic animals

Accumulation of beta-pleated sheets of amyloid protein in tissues:

• Primary amyloidosis - plasma cell neoplasia - excessive production of immunoglobulin light chains
• Secondary amyloidosis - chronic inflammation - production of serum amyloid A - accumulates in tissues and results in amyloidosis
• Herditary amyloidosis