Lecture 19 - Respiratory 5 Flashcards
What are the components of the upper respiratory tract?
Nose, mouth, nasopharynx and oropharynx
Larynx
(Extra-thoracic) trachea
What are the components of the lower trachea?
Intra-thoracic trachea Mainstream bronchi Bronchi, Bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveoli
What are the main clinical signs of respiratory disease?
- Sneeze or reverse sneezing
- Nasal discharge
- Upper respiratory signs - stertor and stridor
- Cough
- Lower respiratory signs - physical exam finding
- Dyspnoea (difficulty breathing)
Define the term sneezing and localise the problem:
Sneeze = a sudden and forceful and noisy expulsion of air from the lungs via the nose - protective mechanism to get foreign material out of nose
Sneezing localises the lesion to nose/nasal passages
Define the term reverse-sneezing and localise it:
Reverse sneeze = paroxysmal, noisy, laboured inspiratory effort
Reflex is stimulated by material in the nasopharynx and sometimes the nose
What is an example of a disease that could could reverse sneezing?
- Excitement
- Foreign bodies
- Epiglottic entrapment of the soft palate
- Post-nasal drip
- Mass e.g. fungal, granulomas and polyps
Briefly describe the difference between a serous and mucoid nasal discharge appearance:
Serous (clear, thin, acellular)
Mucoid (clear, thick, acellular)
Briefly explain the terms purulent, mucopurulent and epistaxis with regards to nasal discharge:
Purulent = cream coloured to yellow or pale green
Mucopurulent
Serosanguinous = pink/orange
Epistaxis (frank blood)
Food
Define the term “stertor”: and where it is localised to:
Congested “snorkly” - inspiratory or expiratory snoring noise caused by vibration of the soft tissue.
It can be localised to nose or nasopharynx
Define the term “stridor” and state where it can be localised to:
Harsh, high pitched inspiratory noise.
Localised to larynx or trachea - caused by large and rigid airways
What is laryngeal paralysis?
Common condition of middle to older age large breed dogs involving loss of normal function of the larynx
Where are the cough receptors located?
The cough receptors are located along in the trachea and in the major bronchus
What is the difference between a dry and a moist cough?
Dry cough - no airway secretion
Moist cough - airway secretions present
What is a productive cough?
Productive cough = swallows, or produces sputum after coughing, Productive coughs are always moist/wet, but a cough can be moist/wet without being productive. Sputum = mucus - can contains WBCs with organisms or blood
What is the difference between upper versus lower respiratory coughs?
Upper - HONKING COUGH - sounds like a goose honking
Lower - deep, soft cough