Lecture 19 - Respiratory 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the upper respiratory tract?

A

Nose, mouth, nasopharynx and oropharynx

Larynx

(Extra-thoracic) trachea

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2
Q

What are the components of the lower trachea?

A
Intra-thoracic trachea 
Mainstream bronchi
Bronchi, Bronchioles 
Alveolar ducts 
Alveoli
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3
Q

What are the main clinical signs of respiratory disease?

A
  1. Sneeze or reverse sneezing
  2. Nasal discharge
  3. Upper respiratory signs - stertor and stridor
  4. Cough
  5. Lower respiratory signs - physical exam finding
  6. Dyspnoea (difficulty breathing)
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4
Q

Define the term sneezing and localise the problem:

A

Sneeze = a sudden and forceful and noisy expulsion of air from the lungs via the nose - protective mechanism to get foreign material out of nose

Sneezing localises the lesion to nose/nasal passages

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5
Q

Define the term reverse-sneezing and localise it:

A

Reverse sneeze = paroxysmal, noisy, laboured inspiratory effort

Reflex is stimulated by material in the nasopharynx and sometimes the nose

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6
Q

What is an example of a disease that could could reverse sneezing?

A
  1. Excitement
  2. Foreign bodies
  3. Epiglottic entrapment of the soft palate
  4. Post-nasal drip
  5. Mass e.g. fungal, granulomas and polyps
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7
Q

Briefly describe the difference between a serous and mucoid nasal discharge appearance:

A

Serous (clear, thin, acellular)

Mucoid (clear, thick, acellular)

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8
Q

Briefly explain the terms purulent, mucopurulent and epistaxis with regards to nasal discharge:

A

Purulent = cream coloured to yellow or pale green

Mucopurulent

Serosanguinous = pink/orange

Epistaxis (frank blood)

Food

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9
Q

Define the term “stertor”: and where it is localised to:

A

Congested “snorkly” - inspiratory or expiratory snoring noise caused by vibration of the soft tissue.

It can be localised to nose or nasopharynx

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10
Q

Define the term “stridor” and state where it can be localised to:

A

Harsh, high pitched inspiratory noise.

Localised to larynx or trachea - caused by large and rigid airways

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11
Q

What is laryngeal paralysis?

A

Common condition of middle to older age large breed dogs involving loss of normal function of the larynx

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12
Q

Where are the cough receptors located?

A

The cough receptors are located along in the trachea and in the major bronchus

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13
Q

What is the difference between a dry and a moist cough?

A

Dry cough - no airway secretion

Moist cough - airway secretions present

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14
Q

What is a productive cough?

A

Productive cough = swallows, or produces sputum after coughing, Productive coughs are always moist/wet, but a cough can be moist/wet without being productive. Sputum = mucus - can contains WBCs with organisms or blood

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15
Q

What is the difference between upper versus lower respiratory coughs?

A

Upper - HONKING COUGH - sounds like a goose honking

Lower - deep, soft cough

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16
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of dyspnoea/respiratory distress?

A
  1. Increased chest wall excursions
  2. Greater abdominal component to expiration
  3. Breathing through an open mouth
  4. Flaring of the nares
17
Q

What conditions should be considered in an animal with shallow, rapid respiration with quiet or absent lung sounds?

A

Pleural space disease - pyothorax, chylothorax and pneumothorax

18
Q

What conditions should be considered in an animal that has a prolonged respiratory cycle with inspiratory and expiratory noise?

A

Fixed airway obstruction e.g. tracheal tumour, grade IV tracheal collapse

19
Q

What condition should be considered with adventitious lung sounds (e.g. crackling)?

A

Pulmonary parenchymal disease e.g. pneumonia or infiltrative lung disease.

20
Q

What is paradoxical thoracic wall movement?

A

Chest wall and abdominal wall move in opposite directions. Due to respiratory muscle fatigue and increased use of intercostals from prolonged respiratory distress