Lecture 16 - Respiratory 2 Flashcards
Why can nasal disturbances in horses have severe consequences?
Horse are obligate nasal breathers
What are some generic upper respiratory tract signs that may be seen?
- Sneezing 2. Coughing 3. Discharge 4. Sturter and strider 5. Halitosis (bad breath) 6. Muzzle pain
What are the primary and secondary lesions that are typically seen with BOAS (Brachycephalic airway syndrome)?
Primary = stenotic nares, elongated soft palate, hypoplastic trachea, redundant pharyngeal folds Secondary = everted sacculus (secondary to stenotic nares), tracheal collapse (hypoplastic trachea), GI signs (e.g. regurgitation and vomiting lead to esophagitis)
How do BOAS breeds normally die?
In hot weather or vigorous exercise they get hyperthermia and then collapse.
Name the feature in image below (all charactersitcs of BOAS) and state whether it is a primary of secondary lesion:
- Stenotic nares (primary)
- Elongated soft palate
- Everted sacules (secondary to stenotic nares)
- hypoplastic trachea that has lead to tracheal collapse
Are URT neoplasia normally malignant or benign what is the name of the condition shown below?
Usually malignant and its a squamous cell carcinoma (very errosive)
What is the condition shown in the dog below and what are some clinical signs that you might expect to see?
Canine nasal adenocarcinoma - sturter, dysnopsea, open mouth breathing, maybe pyrexia and hyperthermia?
What is the name of the condition that is shown below?
Nasal osteosarcoma
What is the name of the condition that is shown below?
Nasal polyps and cysts - these can occur in any species
Do Rhinitis and sinusitis normally occur together or by themselves? Outline the basic pathogenesis for these conditions:
Rhinitis and sinusitis usually occur together
- Initial irritant, fungi or pathogen can cause disease on its own
- Disease can disrupt protective mechanism –> colonisation by opportunistic organisms
Briefly describe the different presentations of rhinitis and sinusitis:
- Serous - fluid
- Catarrhal - mucous on membranes
- Purulent - pus that is bright green to yellow
- Fibrinous - lots of fibrin
- Granulomatous - white tan nodules
What are the main causes of rhinitis and sinusitis?
- Immune mediated/idiopathic
- Bacterial
- Fungal
- Viral
- Protozoan parasites
- Metazoan parasites
- Algal
What is the method of entry for equine viral rhinitis and sinusitis? Provide 2 examples of viral agents in horses and explain how they appear:
Aerogenous entry
EHV-1, EHV-2 (herpes) - mild respiratory disease
Equine influenza - commonly, self limiting - not too much damage, highly contagious
Generally only seen at necropsy with secondary bacterial infections + opportunistic bacteria
What are some examples of bacteria that can cause bacterial equine rhinitis and sinusisitis? Briefly explain the conditions and pathology they produce and how they are transmitted:
Streptococcus equi equi (strangles) - common in young horses produces supprative rhinitis and lymphadenitis (internally –> bastard strangles) - air droplets containing bacterium. Pyogranulomatous inflammation in affected organs.
Burkholderia mallei (glanders) - zoonotic, transmitted via horse meat, ingestion of contaminated feed and water - pyogranolamotous nodules that ulcerate
Burkholderia pseduomallei - (Melioidosis/pseudoglanders) - simmilar to above
Names the virus and condtion shown below and breifly explain the clinical importance of it:
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (Rednose) causes by BoHV-1. Combines with mannheimia haemolytica to produce pneumonia, Generally not severe but can see dysnopsea due to obstrcution of airways by exudate.
On necropsy - severe hyperaemia, focal necrosis of mucosa, fibrinous inflammation
Name the parasite in the image below and state the likely pathological effects of it:
Oestrus ovis (nasal bots) - fly deposits first stage larvae into nostrils causing irritation, inflammation, erosionm, airway obstruction + predispose to colonisation by bacteria
Name the condition below and explain the pathogenesis of it:
Atrophic rhinitis - inflammation and atrophy of nasal turbinates - causes deviation of the nasal septus
Pathogenesis: Co-infection of Bordetella bronchiseptica and pasturella multocida - the toxigenic strain produce potent cytotoxins –> inhbition of osteoblastic activity and promote osteoclastic re-absorption of nasal bones
Name the condition shown below given the cause is unknown and state a possible aetiology given that this in the cause we had a dolichocephalic dog (and a German Shepard at that!). Why is this particular breed prone to this particular viral pathogen? What other viruses are common in general canine respiratory conditions?
Idiopathic lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis - Aspergillus - common in dolichocephalic dogs - particularly German Shepards (IgA deficiency)
Most common pathogens - B. bronchiseptica, parainfluenza, adenovirus 2, distemper virus
Provide an example of a viral, bacterial and fungal cause of rhinitis and sinusitis in felines and breifly describe the pathology of them:
Viral:
- FHV-1 (Feline viral rhinotracheitis) - predisposes to secondary pnuemonia and calcivirus
- FCV (Feline Calicivirus rhinitis) - wide ranging symptoms
Bacterial:
- Clamydophilia felis (feline chlamydiosis ) - persistent respiratory infection with cats - conjunctivitis and serous/mucopurulent rhintis
Fungal:
Nasal cryptococcus- environmental fungus that some cats and dogs can harbour
Name the condition below and name the cause:
Equine ethmoid haematoma - common in older horses, chronic progressive with an unknown cause
What are some generic larynx and trachea clinical signs that may be seen?
- Coughing
- Wheezing
- Sturter and strider
What species is a reduction in tracheal patency often observed in?
Most commonly seen in toy, minature and brachycephalic breeds of dogs - seen as dorsoventral flattening of the tracheal membrane
What is an example of a neoplasm that might be found in the larynx and/or trachea?
Tracheal chondroma or osteochrondroma
Layngeal rhabdomyoma
