Lecture 29 - Liver 4

Question 1

What is an example of a bacteria that can cause granulomatous hepatitis?

Answer 1

Mycobacteria

Question 2

Name the process that is occuring below:

Answer 2

Cholestatic liver disease

Question 3

Name the plant below:

i) Describe the pathogenesis of a cow with cholestasis after grazing on this plant
ii) any other lesions that might be seen?

Answer 3

Lantana Camara toxin

i. ) contains triterpenes A and B –> inhibition of bile secretory mechanisms in hepatocytes –> cholestasis
ii. ) jaundice, photosensitisation, swollen-yellow orange gall bladder is seen

Question 4

You are called out to a farm and you see some dead jaundiced sheep lying around. The farmer tells you they have been consuming perrenial ryegrass and he suspects they died of a toxin. On necropsy you have the following findings below.

i. ) describe symtoms seen
ii. ) suggest a possible toxin that could be responsible for the lesion

Answer 4

i)

gross: jaundice and photosensitisation, bile stained (orange) liver, atrophy and fibrosis. Especially of the left lobe –> boxing glove appearance
histopathology: cholangitis + necrosis of biliary epithelium w/cholestasis + dilated bile ducts
ii) Mycotoxin produced by fungus pithomyces chartarum

Question 5

What is the cause of secondary (type III) photosensitisation?

Answer 5

hepatic dysfunction or biliary obstruction –> impairs excretion of phylloerythrin (from chlorophyll)

Question 6

What is inflammation centered on the bile ducts called?

Answer 6

Cholangitis

Question 7

What is the likely cause of bacterial cholangitis?

Answer 7

result of ascending bacterial infection

Question 8

What is the likely cause of lymphocytic cholangtis?

Answer 8

probably immune mediated

Question 9

What are some potential causes of destructive cholangitis?

Answer 9

ideopathic or drug reaction to sulfonamides

Question 10

Name the parasitic agent responsible for the pathology seen below and name the condition:

1. Label 1 and 2 as either acute or chronic
2. Give one post mortem finding indicative of a chronic state and biochemical finding indicative of

Answer 10

Fascioliasis - thinking fasicola hepatica (Aus)

1. 1 = acute 2= chronic
2. chronic state postmortem = fibrosis

biochemical finding = hypoalbuminaemia

Question 11

Name a toxin that could result in the pathology that is shown below:

a. Explain the pattern that would be seen histologically
b. Explain why this particularly pattern is observed
c. Explian why megakaryocytes are seen

Answer 11

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids

a. Centrilobular necrosis
b. contain the p450 enzyme that metabolises the alkaloids into a toxin
c. Prevents cell division but cells continue DNA synthesis –> megalocytic hepatocytes

Question 12

For the image below:

a. ) Name the disease
b. ) The toxin
c. ) The bacteria that produced it

Answer 12

a. ) Lupinosis
b. ) Phompsin
c. ) Diaporthe toxica

Question 13

For the image below:

1. Name the process occuring (in general terms)
2. State the cause
3. Provide a possible pathogenesis

Answer 13

1. Diffuse hepatomegaly
2. chronic passive congestion
3. Could be caused by right sided heart failure leading to passive congestion in liver. Leads to centrilobular hepatocellular atrophy +/- necrosis and fibrosis

Question 14

Explain the pathogenesis of a congenital portosystemic shunt and provide an example of one other clinical sign that may result:

Answer 14

1. The portal blood directly bypasses the liver and enters the systemic circulation
2. Other clinical signs that may be seen in small animals - microhepatica + portal hypertension + no ascites

Question 15

Is a intrahepatic shunt more common in large or small breed dogs?

Answer 15

predominantely large breed dogs

Question 16

Is an extrahepatic shunt more common in large of small breed dogs and is it more or less common than intraheaptic?

Answer 16

More common than intrahepatic. Predominantly seen in small-breed dogs and cats.

Question 17

What are the three main causes of portal hypertension? Provide an example of each.

Answer 17

1. preheapatic - obstruction to portal vein e.g. thrombus
2. intrahepatic - e.g. increased resistance to portal blood flow
3. increased resistance to hepatic outflow - e.g. thrombus

Question 18

What is the main consequnece of portal hypertension?

Answer 18

Developement of acquired portosystemic shunts

Question 19

Name the condition that is shown below and provide an example of a potential cause:

Answer 19

Hepatic lipidosis - caused by excessive mobilisation of triglycerides from adipose tissue

Question 21

Name the condition that is shown below and provide an example of a condition that could have caused it:

Answer 21

Glycogen accumulation in liver occurs with diabeties mellitus, glucocorticoid-induced in dogs

Question 22

Name the condition that is occuring below:

Answer 22

Copper accumulation

Question 23

What are the stages that are involved in copper toxicosis in sheep?

Answer 23

1. Slow hepatic copper accumulation within lysosomes
2. Hepatocellular damage
3. Haemolytic crisis

Question 24

Describe the histopathology seen in chronic copper toxicosis in sheep:

Answer 24

Centrilobular hepatocellular necrosis and renal tubular necrosis

Question 25

Why Bedlington terriers prone to developing copper toxicosis?

Answer 25

Mutation in COMMD1 gene that encodes the chaperone protein involved in Cu2+ excretion by hepatocytes

Question 26

Name the condition that is shown below:

Answer 26

Hepatic Amyloidosis