Lecture 4 - Renal Flashcards
What are the three different ways that a urine sample can be collected?
- Voided 2. Catheterised 3. Cystocentesis
What does USG measure?
USG = urine specific gravity = a measure of urine concentrating ability
What is the range for isosthenuria?
Range 1.007-1.013
What is the range for hyposthenuria?
less than 1.007
Fill in the table that is shown below:
Fill in the table that is shown below:
Provide three suituations where an alkaline pH would be expected:
- Healthy herbivores
- UT infections = urease-producing bacteria
- Prolonged storage = spontaneous degradation of urea
What are three suituations where an acidic pH would be expected?
- Healthy carnivores + omnivores
- Acidosis (metabolic + respiratory)
- Hypokalaemia
What could be the cause of hyperglycaemic glycosuria?
Transient or persistent hyperglycaemia higher than threshold.
What is the cause of normoglycaemic glycosuria?
Defects in proximal tubule
What ketones are likely to be detected by a urine regant test strip?
B-hydroxybutyrate - main one in bovines - not detected by a urine dipstick
Acetoacetate
Bilirubin is not expected in the urine of domestic animals. What is the main exception to this rule and why?
Male dogs can covert haeme to bilirubin which can be excreted in the urine - conjugated bilirubin only
What three conditions will produce positive results on blood/haemoglobin test?
Haematuria
Haemoglobinuria
Myoglobinuria
What is the name of the finding that is shown below?
Calcium carbonate crystals - normal in horses + rabbits
For image below:
a. State the finding
b. Name the species it would be found in
bilirubin crystals - hyperbilirubinemia - normal in male dogs
For the image below:
a. State the finding
b. What condition is this associated with?
Image below:
a. Struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate)
b. Alkalinuria - urease producing bacteria
What is the name of the finding shown below?
Cystine - rare and suggests liver disease
For the image below:
a. State the finding
b. The significance of it
For the image below:
a. Cystine
b. Rare - suggests liver disease
For the image below:
a. Name the finding
b. Provide the pathogenesis
a. Calcium oxalate bi and monohydrate
b. Normal - rule out hypercalciuria or hyperoxaluria (ethylene glycol toxicity in dogs or oxalate-rich plants in ruminants)
For the image below:
a. State the finding
b. State the cause
a. Sulphonamide crystals
b. Often following sulphonamide therapy
For the images below:
a. State the finding
b. State the cause
a. Urate ammonium (left) and uric acid (right)
b. Liver dysfunction + portosystemic shunts (normal in Dalmations + English Bulldogs)
Name the finding below (hint what cell type does it look like)?
Haematuria
Name the cells shown below (hint what cell type does it look like)?
Pyruria
Name the finding below:
Epithelial
Name the finding that is shown below:
Bacteria
a. State the finding that is shown below
b. State what animal species this is physiological in and provide an example of where this may be pathological
a. Urate ammonium (left) and uric acid (right)
b. Common in healthy dalmations and English Bulldogs - liver dysfunction + portosystemic shunts in other dog breeds + in cats
