Haematology important bits

Question 1

What cells are involved in humeral immunity?

Answer 1

B-cells

Question 2

What cells are involved in cell mediated immunity?

Answer 2

T-cells

Question 3

What are the four pathological elements of Type 1 hypersensitivity?

Answer 3

1. Inflammation
2. Vascular leak
3. S.m. spasm
4. Vasodilation

Question 4

What are the globulins involved in type 2 hypersensitivity reactions?

Answer 4

IgG and IgM antibodies

Question 5

What are the three elements involved in a type 2 hypersensitivity response?

Answer 5

1. Opsonisation and phagocytosis
2. Lysis of target cell by complement
3. Antibody dependant cell cytotoxicity

Question 6

What is involved in the early and the late stage of a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction?

Answer 6

Early = soluble mediators 
Late = cytokines, chemokines produced by leukocytes

Question 7

What are the lymph nodes that are normally palpable in a dog and which lymph nodes become palpable in cases of lymphoma?

Answer 7

LN’s palpable in a normal dog: submandibular, prescapular, popliteal
Palpable in dog with lymphoma: axillary, superficial inguinal

Question 8

Explain the pathogenesis of hypercalcaemia of malignancy:

Answer 8

PTHrp causes increased bone re-absorption + increased absorption from kidneys. Hypercalcaemia blocks ADH on renal collecting ducts causing PU/PD

Question 9

What is the pathogenesis of paraneoplastic hyperglycaemia?

Answer 9

This produces insulin like peptides. Increased insulin concentrations causes movement of glucose intracellularly + suppression of glycogenolysis –> causes hypoglycaemia

Question 10

What are the three elements involved in a type III hypersensitivity response?

Answer 10

1. Complement activation
2. Recruitment of leukocytes by complement + Fc
3. Release of enzymes + other toxic molecules

Question 11

What are the three different components of the histiocytic disease complex?

Answer 11

1. Canine cutaneous histiocytoma complex - benign skin mass usually sendentry
2. Canine reactive histiocytosis - not neoplastic
3. Histiocytic sarcoma complex- histiocytic sarcoma complex (malignant neoplastic) or haemophagocytic histiocytic sarcoma