Muscular/Skeletal System Flashcards
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
shape & support for the body, protecting internal soft organs, assists movement, and stores minerals and fats, site of blood cell formation
How does the skeletal system assist in movement?
provide a site of attachment for muscles
How does the skeletal system assist in producing blood cells?
red bone marrow
How does the skeletal system assist in storing minerals and fats?
minerals: calcium in compact bone
fats: yellow bone marrow
What are the functions of the muscular system?
movement, keeps heart pumping, digestion, blood circulation
(think of what the skeletal, smooth, cardiac does)
Axial skeleton
part of the skeleton that protects the soft internal organs
What bones make up the axial skeleton?
skull: cranium and mandible (brain), vertebral column (spinal cord), rib cage (heart and lungs)
Appendicular skeleton
part of the skeleton that helps with movement of the body
(bones in arms and legs)
Ligaments
tough connective tissue that connects bone to bone
(located on the outer layer of the joint capsule)
Tendons
tough connective tissue that connects muscles to bones
located on parts of the appendicular skeleton skeleton
Cartilage
flexible connective tissue that provides cushioning at the end of bones
(to prevent bone on bone grinding)
What are the types of joints?
immovable, slightly movable, and freely movable
Function of Joints
place where bones attach to each other and allow bones to move w/o damage
Immovable joint
a joint that does not allow any movement
(ex. the place where two parts of the cranium meet)
Slightly movable joint
a joint that allows a small amount of movement
(ex. the joints in between each vertebrae bone)
Freely movable joints
Joints that allow movement in two directions
(ex. the joint at which the humerus and ulna meet [forearm bone and elbow kinda])
Ball-and-socket joint
can be found in the shoulder and hips that allow for a wide range of movement in different directions
Hinge joint
allows for back and forth movement
(ex. can be found where the humerus and ulna meet or knee and shin)
Saddle joint
allows for back and forth sliding in two directions
(ex. the thumb)
periosteum
connective tissue around compact bone
What is the anatomy of bones (starting from the first layer)
Connective Tissue –> Compact Bone, Haversian canals, blood vessels, yellow bone marrow, and osteocytes –> Spongy bone and red bone marrow
Function of compact bone
stores calcium and gives the bone structure
Function of Haversian canals
give a passageway for blood vessels to go through
Function of yellow bone marrow
stores fat
(cells)
Function of red bone marrow
produces blood cells
(from stem cells)
Osteocytes
bone cells, make up the compact bone, can create more bone cells
Function of spongy bone
provides and add strength to the bone without adding more mass
(bones are light)
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Structure of skeletal muscle
striated, long, multiple nuclei
Structure of cardiac muscle
striated, branched-shaped cells, 1 or 2 nuclei, smaller
Structure of smooth muscle
not striated, spindle-shaped cells, 1 nucleus
Function of skeletal muscle
contracts to pull on bones (makes the body move voluntarily)
Function of cardiac muscle
contracts to make the heart beat and pump blood (involuntary)
Function of smooth muscle
contracts to move substances through the body (involuntary)
Examples of smooth muscle
move food through digestive tract, control blood flow in blood vessels, decrease the size of pupils
Location of skeletal muscle
attached to bones
Location of smooth muscle
walls of hollow organs
(organs of digestive system, blood vessels, pupils of eyes)
Location of cardiac muscle
heart
What are the two protein filaments inside of muscles?
myosin and actin
Sliding Filament Theory
myosin filaments form cross bridges (binds) with the thin actin filaments to pull them toward the center of the sarcomere
Myosin
thick filament in the middle of a sarcomere that forms cross bridges
Sarcomere
a unit that contains the two Z-lines, actin filaments with a myosin filament in the middle
Actin
thin filaments that connect two Z-lines together
What is needed for muscle contractions to occur?
ATP (energy)
What neurotransmitter is used from a motor neuron to a skeletal cell?
acetylcholine (ACh)
The impulse from motor neurons to skeletal cells will release what that allow myosin cross-bridges to bind to actin?
calcium ions
How do skeletal muscles work in pairs?
opposing pairs; when one muscle contracts, the other relaxes
Between the bicep and tricep, which one contracts and which one relaxes when the arm bends?
bicep contracts, tricep relaxes
Between the bicep and tricep, which one contracts and which one relaxes when the arm extends?
bicep relaxes, tricep contracts
Between the quads and hamstring, which one contracts and which one relaxes when the leg bends?
quads relax, hamstring contracts
Between the quads and hamstring, which one contracts and which one relaxes when the leg extends?
quads contract, hamstring relaxes
