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Biology > Muscular/Skeletal System > Flashcards

Muscular/Skeletal System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A

shape & support for the body, protecting internal soft organs, assists movement, and stores minerals and fats, site of blood cell formation

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2
Q

How does the skeletal system assist in movement?

A

provide a site of attachment for muscles

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3
Q

How does the skeletal system assist in producing blood cells?

A

red bone marrow

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4
Q

How does the skeletal system assist in storing minerals and fats?

A

minerals: calcium in compact bone
fats: yellow bone marrow

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5
Q

What are the functions of the muscular system?

A

movement, keeps heart pumping, digestion, blood circulation

(think of what the skeletal, smooth, cardiac does)

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6
Q

Axial skeleton

A

part of the skeleton that protects the soft internal organs

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7
Q

What bones make up the axial skeleton?

A

skull: cranium and mandible (brain), vertebral column (spinal cord), rib cage (heart and lungs)

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8
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

part of the skeleton that helps with movement of the body

(bones in arms and legs)

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9
Q

Ligaments

A

tough connective tissue that connects bone to bone

(located on the outer layer of the joint capsule)

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10
Q

Tendons

A

tough connective tissue that connects muscles to bones

located on parts of the appendicular skeleton skeleton

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11
Q

Cartilage

A

flexible connective tissue that provides cushioning at the end of bones

(to prevent bone on bone grinding)

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12
Q

What are the types of joints?

A

immovable, slightly movable, and freely movable

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13
Q

Function of Joints

A

place where bones attach to each other and allow bones to move w/o damage

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14
Q

Immovable joint

A

a joint that does not allow any movement

(ex. the place where two parts of the cranium meet)

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15
Q

Slightly movable joint

A

a joint that allows a small amount of movement

(ex. the joints in between each vertebrae bone)

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16
Q

Freely movable joints

A

Joints that allow movement in two directions

(ex. the joint at which the humerus and ulna meet [forearm bone and elbow kinda])

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17
Q

Ball-and-socket joint

A

can be found in the shoulder and hips that allow for a wide range of movement in different directions

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18
Q

Hinge joint

A

allows for back and forth movement

(ex. can be found where the humerus and ulna meet or knee and shin)

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19
Q

Saddle joint

A

allows for back and forth sliding in two directions

(ex. the thumb)

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20
Q

periosteum

A

connective tissue around compact bone

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21
Q

What is the anatomy of bones (starting from the first layer)

A

Connective Tissue –> Compact Bone, Haversian canals, blood vessels, yellow bone marrow, and osteocytes –> Spongy bone and red bone marrow

22
Q

Function of compact bone

A

stores calcium and gives the bone structure

23
Q

Function of Haversian canals

A

give a passageway for blood vessels to go through

24
Q

Function of yellow bone marrow

A

stores fat

(cells)

25
Q

Function of red bone marrow

A

produces blood cells

(from stem cells)

26
Q

Osteocytes

A

bone cells, make up the compact bone, can create more bone cells

27
Q

Function of spongy bone

A

provides and add strength to the bone without adding more mass

(bones are light)

28
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

29
Q

Structure of skeletal muscle

A

striated, long, multiple nuclei

30
Q

Structure of cardiac muscle

A

striated, branched-shaped cells, 1 or 2 nuclei, smaller

31
Q

Structure of smooth muscle

A

not striated, spindle-shaped cells, 1 nucleus

32
Q

Function of skeletal muscle

A

contracts to pull on bones (makes the body move voluntarily)

33
Q

Function of cardiac muscle

A

contracts to make the heart beat and pump blood (involuntary)

34
Q

Function of smooth muscle

A

contracts to move substances through the body (involuntary)

35
Q

Examples of smooth muscle

A

move food through digestive tract, control blood flow in blood vessels, decrease the size of pupils

36
Q

Location of skeletal muscle

A

attached to bones

37
Q

Location of smooth muscle

A

walls of hollow organs

(organs of digestive system, blood vessels, pupils of eyes)

38
Q

Location of cardiac muscle

A

heart

39
Q

What are the two protein filaments inside of muscles?

A

myosin and actin

40
Q

Sliding Filament Theory

A

myosin filaments form cross bridges (binds) with the thin actin filaments to pull them toward the center of the sarcomere

41
Q

Myosin

A

thick filament in the middle of a sarcomere that forms cross bridges

42
Q

Sarcomere

A

a unit that contains the two Z-lines, actin filaments with a myosin filament in the middle

43
Q

Actin

A

thin filaments that connect two Z-lines together

44
Q

What is needed for muscle contractions to occur?

A

ATP (energy)

45
Q

What neurotransmitter is used from a motor neuron to a skeletal cell?

A

acetylcholine (ACh)

46
Q

The impulse from motor neurons to skeletal cells will release what that allow myosin cross-bridges to bind to actin?

A

calcium ions

47
Q

How do skeletal muscles work in pairs?

A

opposing pairs; when one muscle contracts, the other relaxes

48
Q

Between the bicep and tricep, which one contracts and which one relaxes when the arm bends?

A

bicep contracts, tricep relaxes

49
Q

Between the bicep and tricep, which one contracts and which one relaxes when the arm extends?

A

bicep relaxes, tricep contracts

50
Q

Between the quads and hamstring, which one contracts and which one relaxes when the leg bends?

A

quads relax, hamstring contracts

51
Q

Between the quads and hamstring, which one contracts and which one relaxes when the leg extends?

A

quads contract, hamstring relaxes

Biology (42 decks)

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