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Biology > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Role of carbohydrates in the body

A

main source of energy

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2
Q

Role of proteins in the body

A

provide raw materials for growth and repair of structures

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3
Q

Role of lipids in the body

A

make up the cell membrane and help the body absorb fat-soluble vitamins

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4
Q

Role of vitamins in the body

A

helps body preform chemical reactions

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5
Q

Role of minerals in the body

A

participates in a variety of things (calcium for bones, iron for hemoglobin)

needed to replace minerals lost in sweat, urine, and digestive wastes

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6
Q

Role of water in the body

A

help in bodily processes where many chemical reactions happen in water, makes up the bulk of blood and other bodily fluids, prevents overheating

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7
Q

Functions of the Digestive System

A

to convert food into small molecules that the cells of the body can use (and get rid of the unnecessary parts of food)

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8
Q

What are the four stages of digestion?

A

ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination

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9
Q

What happens during ingestion?

A

food goes into the mouth

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10
Q

What happens during digestion?

A

food is broken down into smaller molecules (mouth, stomach, small intestine)

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11
Q

What happens during absorption?

A

small molecules are absorbed into the small intestine and enter the circulatory system (through blood vessels)

nutrients leave the alimentary canal and enter the circulatory system to be delivered to cells

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12
Q

What happens during elimination?

A

substances that cannot be digested or absorbed go through the large intestine and leave the body as feces out the anus

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13
Q

What enzyme breaks down proteins in the stomach?

A

pepsin

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14
Q

What enzyme breaks down proteins in the small intestine?

A

trypsin

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15
Q

Alimentary Canal

A

the organs that food passes through whilst being digested; the pathway of food

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16
Q

Accessory Organs

A

organs that aid the digestive process but food does not pass through it

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17
Q

What organs make up the alimentary canal?

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

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18
Q

What organs are accessory organs?

A

salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, bile duct

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19
Q

Why are organs of the alimentary canal and accessory organs separated into two categories?

A

alimentary canal has food passing through and is directly involved

accessory organs do not have food passing through and only provides support

their roles and functions in the digestive system are different

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20
Q

Mechanical Digestion

A

physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces to increase surface area

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21
Q

Chemical Digestion

A

chemical breakdown of large molecules into molecules small enough to enter cells (enzymes)

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22
Q

Where does digestion happen?

A

mouth, stomach, small intestine

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23
Q

How is food mechanically digested in the mouth?

A

chewing by teeth grinds and cuts food

also tongue by moving food around

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24
Q

How is food mechanically digested in the stomach?

A

3 layers of smooth muscle in the stomach churn the bolus

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25
Q

How is food mechanically digested in the small intestine?

A

bile produced by liver and released by gallbladder into the bile duct breaks large globs of fats into smaller droplets

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26
Q

How is food chemically digested in the mouth?

A

salivary amylase breaks down carbs into monosaccharides

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27
Q

How is food chemically digested in the stomach?

A

pepsin breaks down proteins into peptides and amino acids

28
Q

How is food chemically digested in the small intestine?

A

lipase - lipids into glycerol and fatty acids

sucrase, maltase, lactase, amylase - carbs into monosaccharides

trypsin - proteins into amino acids

29
Q

Bile

A

a fluid loaded with lipids and salts

30
Q

What produces bile?

A

the liver

31
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

in the gallbladder

32
Q

Where is bile released?

A

into the small intestine using the bile duct

33
Q

What is bile used for?

A

to emulsify fats (to break down large fats into smaller fats)

34
Q

How does bile emulsify fats?

A

squeezes itself in between fat droplets to separate them and make them smaller

35
Q

Where does chemical digestion of carbohydrates occur?

A

mouth, stomach, small intestine

36
Q

When does the digestion of lipids start and end?

A

start small intestine (duodenum), end small intestine (duodenum

37
Q

When does the digestion of carbohydrates start and end?

A

start mouth, end small intestine (duodenum)

38
Q

When does the digestion of proteins start and end?

A

start stomach, end small intestine (duodenum)

39
Q

Result of chemical digestion for carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides

40
Q

Result of chemical digestion for proteins

A

amino acids

41
Q

Result of chemical digestion for lipids

A

glycerol and fatty acids

42
Q

Salivary Amylase

A

enzyme that is secreted by the salivary glands and breaks down carbohydrates into monosaccharides

43
Q

Pepsin

A

enzyme that is secreted by glands in the stomach that breaks down proteins into amino acids

44
Q

Trypsin

A

enzyme that is secreted by the pancreas and enters the small intestine that breaks down proteins into amino acids

45
Q

Lipase

A

enzyme that is secreted and released by the pancreas and enters the small intestine and breaks down lipids into glycerol and fatty acids

46
Q

Pancreatic Amylase

A

enzyme released by the pancreas into the small intestine to break down carbohydrates into monosaccharides

47
Q

What muscle types are used in the digestive system?

A

smooth muscle and skeletal muscle

48
Q

What part of the digestive system uses skeletal muscles?

A

the mouth

49
Q

What part of the digestive system uses smooth muscles?

A

the rest of the digestive system that is not the mouth

50
Q

Peristalsis

A

contractions of smooth muscle

51
Q

What does peristalsis have to do with the digestive system?

A

The esophagus is made up of smooth muscle. Peristalsis occurs which creates enough force for food to go toward the stomach

52
Q

Function of rectum

A

stores undigested food/waste for later excretion through the anus

53
Q

Nutrition

A

process by which the body obtains raw materials for food

54
Q

Nutrients

A

the source of raw materials that the body uses to build tissues and provide energy for cellular work

55
Q

Essential Nutrients

A

nutrients that must be supplied in diet because the body cannot make them

56
Q

Organic Nutrients

A

carbs, proteins, lipids (fats), vitamins

57
Q

Vitamins are sometimes called…?

A

coenzymes because they help out actual enzymes do their job

58
Q

Inorganic Nutrients

A

water and minerals

59
Q

Bolus

A

chewed clump of food that leaves the mouth

60
Q

Chyme

A

bolus that has turned into an acidic liquid (oatmeal-like) in the stomach

61
Q

Epiglottis

A

flap that covers the trachea (windpipe) when food moves from the pharynx to the esophagus

62
Q

Gastric Juice

A

“stomach juice” is a mixture of mucus, hydrochloric acid, and pepsin

63
Q

Which part of the small intestine do secretions from the pancreas and gallbladder enter?

A

duodenum

64
Q

Villi

A

finger-like projections in the small intestine

65
Q

Purpose of Villi

A

to increase the surface area for absorption of food

66
Q

What neutralizes stomach acid before food enters the small intestine?

A

sodium bicarbonate (a base) produced by the pancreas

67
Q

Organs involved in absorption

A

small intestine, large intestine (water only)

Biology (42 decks)

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