MODULE III Flashcards
Study mechanisms by which self and non-self are recognized and potentially rejected if “nonself”
immunology
constantly present and immediate protection
against encroachment against nonspecifc antigens
innate immunity
what is the equation for serum?
plasma(liquid part in blood before coagulation)-fibrinogen(for clotting)
what is the role of the immune system?
against: infections tumors self nonself
what are the lines of immune defense?
anatomical barriers like skin, ciliary clearance, low stomach pH, lysozyme
innate-cellular (NK cells, neutrophils, mast cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, eosinophils)
humoral-complement system
adaptive-cellular being T and B cells
Humoral-antibodies
this type of immunity is Genetically programmed system
designed to recognize and respond to specific non-self encroaching materials?
adaptive immunity
in a nutshell, describe the adaptive immune system?
lymphocytes create a response whether it be T or B cells based off information provided to them by the APCs
which immune system is this?
nonspecific, fast, no amplification, short
innate immunity
which immune system is this?
high specificity, slow, significant amplification, long, memory
adaptive immunity
innate immune cells stem from?
myeloid progenitor cells
adaptive immune cells stem from? examples?
lymphoid progenitor cells
B and T cells, remember that B lymphocytes become plasma cells that secrete antibodies
what defines the need for specific cell differentiation from bone marrow?
cytokines
catching a cold is an example of what type of activity immunity?
active natural
vaccinations are a type of what active immunity?
active artificial
breast feeding is an example of what type of passive immunity?
passive natural
anti-tetanus injections are a type of what passive immunity?
passive artificial
what are the examples of external non-specific defense mechanisms?
mechanical exclusion
biochemical factors
microbial antagonism
physical actions
what are the examples of the internal nonspecific innate defense mechanisms?
tissue phagocytic cells
blood phagocytic cells
name this blood phagocytic cell in response to acute bacterial infection?
neutrophils
name this blood phagocytic cell in response to parasitic infection or Type I hypersensitivity?
eosinophils
name this blood phagocytic cell in response to viral infection, chronic bacterial infection, protozoan infection, or metabolic condition
lymphocytes
PAMPs and DAMPs are innate or adaptive signaling molecules?
innate signaling molecules
these innate signaling molecules recognize structures that are shared by various types of microbes?
PAMPs (TLRs)
these innate signaling molecules are associated with damaged or necrotic tissues?
DAMPs (NOD)
this is involved in regulating type 2 diabetes and also targeting macrophage polarization?
metformin
this is the most potent bactericidal system of neutrophils?
H2O2-MPO-Halide system
this soluble noncellular factor are the macromolecules that become attached to microbes and can be recognized by surface receptors on the neutrophils and macrophage, which increases the efficiency of phagocytosis?
opsonins
this results as formation at inflammatory sites and isolates foreign and damaged cellular materials? the negative being that the bacterial cell produces coagulase and is masked by fibrin
fibrin
this is a system of about 30 separate proteins and protein fragments present in blood serum that are present as independent, inactive proteins capable of being activated to interact with each other to mediate and control cell membrane damage on foreigh cells?
the complement system
function of C1 inhibitor? what disease does this lead to If there is a deficiency here
blocks activation of C1
hereditary angioedema
function of factor H?
spontaneous decay of C3 converts to C3bBb
function of factor I?
inhibit C3 convertase
these are cell regulatory glycoproteins cytokines produced by many cell types that communicate antiviral and immune regulatory activity?
interferons
what are the 4 unique items of the adaptive immune response?
specificity
memory (primary vs secondary response)
specialization (humoral-extracellular vs cellular-intracellular)
tolerance of self
what are the examples of lymphocytes?
B and T lymphocytes
what are the examples of APCs?
dendritic cells
macrophages
B cells
follicular dendritic cells
what are the examples of effector cells?
T lymphocytes
macrophages
granulocytes
describe T lymphocytes?
migrate to peripheral lymph nodes
high response to antigen
heterogenous to lymph nodes, mucosa, inflamed tissue
describe B lymphocytes?
release IgM and IgD initially and then IgG, IgA and IgE
memory lymphocytes are high
antibody secretion
what are the Gnotobiotic organisms?
smaller zones, less numbers, less to infect, short life span
a molecular entity like a virus or bacteria that produces a humoral or cell mediated immune response?
immunogen
a molecular entity that binds specifically to an antibody or a T cell receptor
antigen
the sequence of an antigen that is recognized and bound by an Ab or TCR or molecular presentation surface marker?
epitope
a low molecular weight molecule that is not immunogenic but can be made immunogenic by conjugation to a non immunogenic carrier. Basically a partial antigen. BSA is a common carrier
hapten
a glycoprotein produced by B cell lymphocytes in response to a specific immunogen and can recognize and bind to the immunogen that triggered its production
immunoglobulin/antibody
what type of antigen/imunogne is this?
multivalent, polyvalent types of Ab
multispecific
epitope
multispecific complete immunogen
what are the characteristics of immunogen?
foreign
molecular weight
complex
for antigens, which chemical make up is the best?
hint: proteins, carbs, nucleic acids, lipids
proteins
nucleic acids are the worst
lipids are nonimmunogenic
carbs may or may not be immunogenic
what is the significance of adjuvants?
mechanisms
it enhances immune response to an immunogen when introduced with a weak immunogen
depot
irritant to promote accumulation
stimulation
freunds adjuvant
what is the composition of the peptide chains that make up the antibodies?
heavy chains light chains constant region variable region disulfide linkage hinge region
this is the antibody binding site?
Fab fragment
this is the crystallization fragment, not a constant fragment?
Fc fragment
significance of Pepsin? Papain?
F(ab)2 and chewed up AAs
2 Fab + Fc
this is the antibody binding site?
Fab fragment
this is the crystallization fragment, not a constant fragment?
Fc fragment
significance of Pepsin? Papain?
F(ab)2 and chewed up AAs
2 Fab + Fc
