MODULE III

Question 1

Study mechanisms by which self and non-self are recognized and potentially rejected if “nonself”

Answer 1

immunology

Question 2

constantly present and immediate protection

against encroachment against nonspecifc antigens

Answer 2

innate immunity

Question 3

what is the equation for serum?

Answer 3

plasma(liquid part in blood before coagulation)-fibrinogen(for clotting)

Question 4

what is the role of the immune system?

Answer 4

against:
infections
tumors
self
nonself

Question 5

what are the lines of immune defense?

Answer 5

anatomical barriers like skin, ciliary clearance, low stomach pH, lysozyme

innate-cellular (NK cells, neutrophils, mast cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, eosinophils)
humoral-complement system

adaptive-cellular being T and B cells
Humoral-antibodies

Question 6

this type of immunity is Genetically programmed system

designed to recognize and respond to specific non-self encroaching materials?

Answer 6

adaptive immunity

Question 7

in a nutshell, describe the adaptive immune system?

Answer 7

lymphocytes create a response whether it be T or B cells based off information provided to them by the APCs

Question 8

which immune system is this?

nonspecific, fast, no amplification, short

Answer 8

innate immunity

Question 9

which immune system is this?

high specificity, slow, significant amplification, long, memory

Answer 9

adaptive immunity

Question 10

innate immune cells stem from?

Answer 10

myeloid progenitor cells

Question 11

adaptive immune cells stem from? examples?

Answer 11

lymphoid progenitor cells

B and T cells, remember that B lymphocytes become plasma cells that secrete antibodies

Question 12

what defines the need for specific cell differentiation from bone marrow?

Answer 12

cytokines

Question 13

catching a cold is an example of what type of activity immunity?

Answer 13

active natural

Question 14

vaccinations are a type of what active immunity?

Answer 14

active artificial

Question 15

breast feeding is an example of what type of passive immunity?

Answer 15

passive natural

Question 16

anti-tetanus injections are a type of what passive immunity?

Answer 16

passive artificial

Question 17

what are the examples of external non-specific defense mechanisms?

Answer 17

mechanical exclusion
biochemical factors
microbial antagonism
physical actions

Question 18

what are the examples of the internal nonspecific innate defense mechanisms?

Answer 18

tissue phagocytic cells

blood phagocytic cells

Question 19

name this blood phagocytic cell in response to acute bacterial infection?

Answer 19

neutrophils

Question 20

name this blood phagocytic cell in response to parasitic infection or Type I hypersensitivity?

Answer 20

eosinophils

Question 21

name this blood phagocytic cell in response to viral infection, chronic bacterial infection, protozoan infection, or metabolic condition

Answer 21

lymphocytes

Question 22

PAMPs and DAMPs are innate or adaptive signaling molecules?

Answer 22

innate signaling molecules

Question 23

these innate signaling molecules recognize structures that are shared by various types of microbes?

Answer 23

PAMPs (TLRs)

Question 24

these innate signaling molecules are associated with damaged or necrotic tissues?

Answer 24

DAMPs (NOD)

Question 25

this is involved in regulating type 2 diabetes and also targeting macrophage polarization?

Answer 25

metformin

Question 26

this is the most potent bactericidal system of neutrophils?

Answer 26

H2O2-MPO-Halide system

Question 27

this soluble noncellular factor are the macromolecules that become attached to microbes and can be recognized by surface receptors on the neutrophils and macrophage, which increases the efficiency of phagocytosis?

Answer 27

opsonins

Question 28

this results as formation at inflammatory sites and isolates foreign and damaged cellular materials? the negative being that the bacterial cell produces coagulase and is masked by fibrin

Answer 28

fibrin

Question 29

this is a system of about 30 separate proteins and protein fragments present in blood serum that are present as independent, inactive proteins capable of being activated to interact with each other to mediate and control cell membrane damage on foreigh cells?

Answer 29

the complement system

Question 30

function of C1 inhibitor? what disease does this lead to If there is a deficiency here

Answer 30

blocks activation of C1 hereditary angioedema

Question 31

function of factor H?

Answer 31

spontaneous decay of C3 converts to C3bBb

Question 32

function of factor I?

Answer 32

inhibit C3 convertase

Question 33

these are cell regulatory glycoproteins cytokines produced by many cell types that communicate antiviral and immune regulatory activity?

Answer 33

interferons

Question 34

what are the 4 unique items of the adaptive immune response?

Answer 34

specificity memory (primary vs secondary response) specialization (humoral-extracellular vs cellular-intracellular) tolerance of self

Question 35

what are the examples of lymphocytes?

Answer 35

B and T lymphocytes

Question 36

what are the examples of APCs?

Answer 36

dendritic cells macrophages B cells follicular dendritic cells

Question 37

what are the examples of effector cells?

Answer 37

T lymphocytes macrophages granulocytes

Question 38

describe T lymphocytes?

Answer 38

migrate to peripheral lymph nodes high response to antigen heterogenous to lymph nodes, mucosa, inflamed tissue

Question 39

describe B lymphocytes?

Answer 39

release IgM and IgD initially and then IgG, IgA and IgE memory lymphocytes are high antibody secretion

Question 40

what are the Gnotobiotic organisms?

Answer 40

smaller zones, less numbers, less to infect, short life span

Question 41

a molecular entity like a virus or bacteria that produces a humoral or cell mediated immune response?

Answer 41

immunogen

Question 42

a molecular entity that binds specifically to an antibody or a T cell receptor

Answer 42

antigen

Question 43

the sequence of an antigen that is recognized and bound by an Ab or TCR or molecular presentation surface marker?

Answer 43

epitope

Question 44

a low molecular weight molecule that is not immunogenic but can be made immunogenic by conjugation to a non immunogenic carrier. Basically a partial antigen. BSA is a common carrier

Answer 44

hapten

Question 45

a glycoprotein produced by B cell lymphocytes in response to a specific immunogen and can recognize and bind to the immunogen that triggered its production

Answer 45

immunoglobulin/antibody

Question 46

what type of antigen/imunogne is this? multivalent, polyvalent types of Ab multispecific epitope

Answer 46

multispecific complete immunogen

Question 47

what are the characteristics of immunogen?

Answer 47

foreign molecular weight complex

Question 48

for antigens, which chemical make up is the best? hint: proteins, carbs, nucleic acids, lipids

Answer 48

proteins nucleic acids are the worst lipids are nonimmunogenic carbs may or may not be immunogenic

Question 49

what is the significance of adjuvants? mechanisms

Answer 49

it enhances immune response to an immunogen when introduced with a weak immunogen depot irritant to promote accumulation stimulation freunds adjuvant

Question 50

what is the composition of the peptide chains that make up the antibodies?

Answer 50

``` heavy chains light chains constant region variable region disulfide linkage hinge region ```

Question 51

this is the antibody binding site?

Answer 51

Fab fragment

Question 52

this is the crystallization fragment, not a constant fragment?

Answer 52

Fc fragment

Question 53

significance of Pepsin? Papain?

Answer 53

F(ab)2 and chewed up AAs 2 Fab + Fc

Question 54

this is the antibody binding site?

Answer 54

Fab fragment

Question 55

this is the crystallization fragment, not a constant fragment?

Answer 55

Fc fragment

Question 56

significance of Pepsin? Papain?

Answer 56

F(ab)2 and chewed up AAs 2 Fab + Fc