BACTERIAL NUTRITION

Question 1

any mod of the base sequence of a gene the produces an alteration in the encoded protein or any change in the cell’s genotype

Answer 1

mutation

Question 2

a mutation occurring spontaneously due to cellular mistake and or lack of repair of mistake

Answer 2

spontaneous mutation

Question 3

a mutation induced by the exposure to a mutagenic agent

Answer 3

induced mutation

Question 4

This is when a point mutation occurs, but it doesn’t change the organism. It may be a mutation that doesn’t occur on a gene so the codons aren’t affected, or it may code for a similar amino acid that still functions correctly.

Answer 4

silent mutation

Question 5

in this mutation, a codon is altered in such a way that it leads to a premature stop before the protein is done?

Answer 5

nonsense mutation

Question 6

when one DNA nucleotide is changed so that a different amino acid is inserted into a protein

Answer 6

missense mutation

Question 7

a genetic mutation caused by a deletion or insertion in a DNA sequence that shifts the way the sequence is read. A DNA sequence is a chain of many smaller molecules called nucleotides

Answer 7

frameshift mutation

Question 8

what are the two types of induced mutations?

Answer 8

mutagenesis

mutagenic agents

Question 9

this type of light can cross link adjacent pyrimidines and is a form of induced mutation?

Answer 9

ultraviolet light

Question 10

this type of induced mutation can cause chain breakage?

Answer 10

x-rays

Question 11

this type of induced mutation can distort base attacking resulting in small deletions and insertion?

Answer 11

acridine

Question 12

this type of induced mutation leads to the deamination of cytosine and adenine, so they pair with A and C instead of G and T?

Answer 12

nitrous acid

Question 13

this type of induced mutation can modify C so that it pairs like T?

Answer 13

hydroxylamine

Question 14

name the type of mutagen:

UV light
x-rays

Answer 14

physical carcinogen

Question 15

name the type of mutagen:

5-bromouracil
2-aminopurine
nitrous acid
hydroxyl amine
nitrogen mustard
nitrosoguanidine
acridine

Answer 15

chemical carcinogen

Question 16

name the type of mutagen:

insertion sequence
transposons

Answer 16

biological carcinogen

Question 17

the following mechanisms are examples of what?

genetic elements from two separate genomes or parts of genomes are brought together in one unit

exchange and resegregation

asexual reproduction

sexual reproduction

Answer 17

genetic recombination

Question 18

this type of genetic recombination?

naked DNA taken up especially in GI

Answer 18

transformation

Question 19

this type of genetic recombination?

direct transfer from F+ to F-

1) donor cell (F+)
2) recipient cell (F-)
3) sex plus and cytoplasmic bridge

Answer 19

conjugation

Question 20

this type of genetic recombination?

can be generalized or specialized

the process by which foreign DNA is introduced into a bacterial cell by a virus or viral vector.

An example is the viral transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another and hence an example of horizontal gene transfer

Answer 20

transduction

Question 21

what are the nutrient requirements for bacteria?

Answer 21

CHNOPS

Question 22

this is the term used to describe bacteria highly specialized to the environment metabolic requirements and is primarily pathogenic bacteria? name an example?

Answer 22

fastidious

Leuconostoc mesenteroides

Question 23

in terms of nutrient classification, what are the two types of energy source and carbon source?

Answer 23

light and chemical

CO2 and organic carbon

Question 24

bacteria that use light for food?

Answer 24

phototrophs

Question 25

bacteria that uses chemicals for food?

Answer 25

chemotrophs that can use organic (heterotrophs) or inorganic (autotrophs)

Question 26

bacteria that uses CO2 for food?

Answer 26

autotrophs (lithotrophs)

Question 27

bacteria that uses organic carbon for food?

Answer 27

heterotrophs (organotrophs)

Question 28

pH range for most bacteria?pathogens?

Answer 28

6-7.8 7-7.5

Question 29

acidic range for most fungi?

Answer 29

4-4.5

Question 30

opt growth in acidic range?

Answer 30

acidophilic

Question 31

withstands low pH?

Answer 31

acidiuric

Question 32

produces acids?

Answer 32

acidogenic

Question 33

this is an example of basophilic bacteria?

Answer 33

natronomonas pharaonic

Question 34

in terms of osmolarity, most pathogens and bacteria show significant growth here?

Answer 34

isotonic

Question 35

osmophilic halophilic osmoduric show significant here?

Answer 35

hypertonic solutions

Question 36

most bacteria are able to survive but do not grow optimally due to cell wall, beta lactams take advantage of this

Answer 36

hypotonic

Question 37

this type of media is highly defined with an exact known?

Answer 37

chemically defined media

Question 38

this type of media provides all generally required nutrients in unknown amounts?

Answer 38

general purpose media

Question 39

what are the examples of media?

Answer 39

enriched media selective media differential media transport media

Question 40

this type of media is used for: TSA brain heart infusion blood agar

Answer 40

enriched media

Question 41

this type of media is used for: medium containing substance that prevents the certain bacteria from growing?

Answer 41

selective media

Question 42

name this media: medium containing substance that allows you to ID the growth of certain org?

Answer 42

differential media

Question 43

name this media? medium designated to allow survival of organisms without growth of org

Answer 43

transport media

Question 44

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis has this type of oxygen requirements?

Answer 44

obligate aerobes

Question 45

C. Botulinum and C. difficle has this type of oxygen requientment?

Answer 45

obligate anaerobes

Question 46

E. coli, S. aureus has this type of oxygen requirement?

Answer 46

facultative anaerobes

Question 47

Campylobacter, Helicobacter pylori have this type of oxygen requirement?

Answer 47

microaerophile

Question 48

temp range for this type of bacteria at -5 to 20 C?

Answer 48

psychrophiles

Question 49

temp range for this type of bacteria 20-40 C?

Answer 49

mesophiles

Question 50

temp range for this type of bacteria 60 C?

Answer 50

thermophiles

Question 51

autoclave at what degree C or PSI?

Answer 51

121 deg C or 15 PSI

Question 52

what are the steps in ID of bacterial culture?

Answer 52

``` obtain a pure culture determine cell shape and arrangement determine differential staining characteristics determine cultural characteristics determine biochemical characteristics ``` leads to genus and species

Question 53

equation for growth rate and generation?

Answer 53

final=inital x 2^n

Question 54

how to quatify bacterial growth?

Answer 54

growth rate and generation methods of measuring culture growth CFU/ml