BACTERIOLOGY STRUCTURE

Question 1

what are the different shapes of bacteria?

Answer 1

cocci (sphere)
bacillus (rod)
spirochete

Question 2

what are the arrangements of the cocci bacteria?

Answer 2

pairs and singles
chains
clusters

Question 3

what are the arrangements of the bacillus bacteria?

Answer 3

pairs and singles
chains
flagellated bacilli

Question 4

what are the arrangements of the spirochete bacteria?

Answer 4

borrelia
treponema
spirilla

Question 5

what is the significance of the capsules for bacteria?

Answer 5

• adherence
• inhibition of phagocytosis like opsonization especially for respiratory tract
• antigenicity like polysaccharides and proteins

Question 6

what is the importance of the cell wall?

Answer 6

cell shape 
environmental survival 
phagocytic recognition 
staining reactions
antigenicity

Question 7

what part of the cell do beta lactam antibiotics affect?

Answer 7

cell wall

Question 8

what is significant of the G+ cell wall structure?

Answer 8

pentaglycine cross-link via 3-4 between L-Lys and D-Ala

Question 9

what is significant of the G- cell wall structure?

Answer 9

direct cross-link via 3-4 between L-DAP and D-Ala

Question 10

why is bactoprenol important?

Answer 10

its a lipid protein that flips and builds onto growing peptidoglycan layer

Question 11

why is techoic acid important?

Answer 11

it keeps the peptidoglycan layer from floating around

Question 12

this drug binds to the amino acid side chain of NAM molecules, interfering with peptidoglycan synthesis?

Answer 12

vancomycin

Question 13

this drug interferes with the formation of the peptide side chains between adjacent strands of peptidoglycan by inhibiting penicillin binding proteins?

Answer 13

B-lactam drugs

Question 14

this drug interferes with the transport of peptidoglycan precursors across the cytoplasmic membrane, affecting the bactoprenol?

Answer 14

bacitracin

Question 15

this is a type of beta lactam with sulfabactam blocking penicillinase activity?

Answer 15

tazobactam

Question 16

beta lactam antibiotics work by interfering with cell wall synthesis thus they are considered?

Answer 16

bacteriostatics

Question 17

important component of the gram positive cell wall?

Answer 17

wall teichoic acid

lipoteichoic acid

Question 18

important component of the gram negative cell wall? which one is the endotoxin?

Answer 18

lipopolysaccharide made of O polysaccharide and lipid A

lipid A

Question 19

what are the components of the acid fast bacteria?

Answer 19

mycolic acid

arabinogalactan

Question 20

name the stain?

positive staining
negative staining

Answer 20

simple staining

Question 21

name the stain?

gram staining
acid staining
spore staining

Answer 21

differential staining

Question 22

name the stain?

capsule staining
flagella staining

Answer 22

special staining

Question 23

describe the motion of the flagellum?

Answer 23

propeller like motion

Question 24

describe the motion of the cilia?

Answer 24

back and forth beating

Question 25

what is the function of the bacterial pili?

Answer 25

adherence | transfer of genetic material

Question 26

name for this type of flagellum? single flagellum

Answer 26

mono-trichous

Question 27

name for this type of flagellum? a tuft of flagella found at one of the cell poles

Answer 27

lopho-trichous

Question 28

name for this type of flagellum? single flagellum found at each of the two opposite poles

Answer 28

amphi-trichous

Question 29

name for this type of flagellum? multiple flagella found at several locations about the cell

Answer 29

peri-trichous

Question 30

what are the basic components of the bacterial flagellum?

Answer 30

``` whip like filament a motor complex hook that connects them proto filaments bundles held by a cap motor complex made of rings anchoring the flagellum ```

Question 31

mycobacterium tuberculosis M. Leprae M. Smegmatis Nocardia-actinomycete all these bacterium have this?

Answer 31

Mycolic acids (acidic)

Question 32

procedure for acid fast cell wall ID?

Answer 32

carbol fuchsin (basic) with heat acid alcohol (decolorizer) methylene blue

Question 33

implications of general flagella movements?

Answer 33

response to attractants | movement in body fluids

Question 34

what is this means of genetic information? a process of horizontal gene transfer by which some bacteria take up foreign genetic material (naked DNA) from the environment.

Answer 34

transformation

Question 35

what is this means of genetic information? a process of genetic recombination in bacteria in which genes from a host cell (a bacterium) are incorporated into the genome of a bacterial virus (bacteriophage) and then carried to another host cell when the bacteriophage initiates another cycle of infection

Answer 35

transduction

Question 36

what is this means of genetic information? the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or by a bridge-like connection between two cells

Answer 36

bacterial conjugation

Question 37

what is the function of the bacterial cell membrane?

Answer 37

semipermeable active transport secretion

Question 38

what is the respiratory activity of the bacterial cell membrane?

Answer 38

energy production occurs TCA enzymes ETChain

Question 39

so if a cell membrane has a significant number of unsaturated fats, what happens to the membrane with increasing temp?

Answer 39

it becomes more fluid

Question 40

prokaryotic ribosome?

Answer 40

50s 30s 70s

Question 41

eukaryotic ribosome?

Answer 41

60s 40s 80s

Question 42

what are the examples of endospores? clinical significance?

Answer 42

bacillus clostridium survive heat, dry, radiation, chemicals