BACTERIAL CONTROL

Question 1

approaches to bacterial control?

Answer 1

daily life like washing/scrubbing with soaps and detergents

hospitals maintaining SOP and preventing nosocomial infections

Question 2

chemical methods of microbial control*? name the principles

Answer 2

disinfectant
organic matter
pH
time

*compared to phenol, if more effective >1, less effective phenol coefficient is <1

Question 3

name this antimicrobial term?

destruction or removal of all microbial life (including spores)

Answer 3

sterilization

Question 4

name this antimicrobial term?

destroying and removing many vegetative pathogens from inanimate objects not including spores?

Answer 4

disinfection

Question 5

name this antimicrobial term?

chemical destruction of vegetative pathogens in/on living tissues

Answer 5

antiseptics

Question 6

name this antimicrobial term?

mechanical removal of microbes from limited area

Answer 6

degerming

Question 7

name this antimicrobial term?

mechanically reduce microbial population to safe levels to eat or drink from

Answer 7

decontamination/sanitization

Question 8

examples include bactericidal, fungicidal, virucidal and kills microbes, what is this type of solution called?

Answer 8

microbicides

Question 9

this type of technique is aseptic and inhibits or slows growth?

Answer 9

microbistatic

Question 10

what are the physical methods of microbial control?

Answer 10

temperature
filtration
radiation
osmotic pressure

Question 11

what are some chemical methods of microbial control?

Answer 11

phenolics
alcohols
halogens
heavy metals
surfactants 
peroxygens
aldehydes 
gases
antimicrobial drug

Question 12

what is the order of susceptibility to chemical agents for microbes, starting from most to least?

Answer 12

enveloped viruses
fungi
non enveloped viruses
mycobacterial species
bacterial endospores

Question 13

chemical agent used for bacterial endospores?

Answer 13

chemical sterilants

Question 14

chemical agent for mycobacterial species?

Answer 14

high level agents

Question 15

chemical agent for non enveloped viruses?

Answer 15

intermediate level agents

Question 16

chemical agents for fungi and enveloped viruses?

Answer 16

low level agents

Question 17

what are the factors that influence antimicrobial action?

Answer 17

type of microbe
number of organism
environment 
-Temp
-pH
-other organic matter present
-heat stability

Question 18

what are the targets of antimicrobial agents?

Answer 18

cell membrane
DNA
proteins
mutation

Question 19

what is the effect of low temperature on microbial control?

Answer 19

a microbiostatic that slows the metabolism

Question 20

what are examples of high temp methods of physical control for microbes that use dry heat?

Answer 20

hot air ovens (sterilization)

incineration (direct flame)

Question 21

what are examples of high temp methods of physical control for microbes that use moist heat?

Answer 21

boiling (time sensitive)
pasteurization
pressurized steam (autoclave)

*10 min for pathogens

Question 22

this type of moist heat high temp technique kills high temp sensitive pathogens like in milk but food still spoils?

Answer 22

pasteurization

Question 23

how are temperatures above boiling achieved?

a) sealed containers
b) increased speed of heating
c) pressure
d) use of water versus other solvents

Answer 23

c) pressure

Question 24

what are the considerations for killing pathogens?

Answer 24

thermal death time

thermal death point (TDP)

Question 25

this is the length of time needed to kill a population of cells at a set temperature

Answer 25

thermal death time

Question 26

this is the minimum temperature at which a population will die in a set time usually 10 minutes

Answer 26

thermal death point

Question 27

this is a technique used to physically remove microbes via pores for liquids or a gas? examples?

Answer 27

filtration like HEPA filter mycoplasma, rickettsia, chlamydia

Question 28

what does HEPA stand for in filtration?

Answer 28

high efficiency particulate air pore size - 0.3 micrometer and used for bacterial cells, endospores, viruses

Question 29

these types of ionizing radiation wavelengths are very lethal, penetrating sterilization, low level used on spices, meats, vegetables, high levels on medical supplies?

Answer 29

x-rays, electron beam, gamma rays

Question 30

UV light acts as a _____?

Answer 30

bactericidal

Question 31

what are the examples of ionizing radiation? non-ionizing?

Answer 31

``` gamma rays (for food) x-rays ``` infrared microwaves radio waves increased wavelength going from ionizing to non ionizing

Question 32

this type of wavelength crosslinks DNA creating thymine-thymine dimers, used for surface sterilization?

Answer 32

UV light

Question 33

this type of wavelength excites water molecules and can be used to disinfect kitchen sponges?

Answer 33

microwaves

Question 34

drying salts/sugars nitrates what are these examples of?

Answer 34

food preservation methods

Question 35

effectiveness in the chemical agents of microbial control depends on?

Answer 35

environmental exposure time microbial agent

Question 36

T/F, disinfectants are sterilizing agents?

Answer 36

F, they are not

Question 37

this scientist defined disinfection of equipment based on use?

Answer 37

Eagle Spaulding -1957

Question 38

``` H2O2 alcohol 60-95% hypochlorite QUAT ionophore ``` is what level of disinfection?

Answer 38

low level disinfection

Question 39

2% glutaraldehyde 6% H2O2 Pasteurization 0.2% per acetic acid is what level of disinfection?

Answer 39

high level disinfection

Question 40

this type of disinfecting and antiseptic chemical targets plasma membrane i.e.- lysol, chlorhexidine, triclosan

Answer 40

phenolics

Question 41

this type of disinfecting and antiseptic chemical disrupts membranes, denatures, and dehydrates i.e.- hand sanitizers

Answer 41

alcohols

Question 42

this type of disinfecting and antiseptic chemical inactivates proteins, destroys broad types of organisms and viruses this specific element is used for tincture or ionophore and acts as a topical antisepsis

Answer 42

halogens iodine

Question 43

this type of disinfecting and antiseptic chemical combines with enzymes/proteins broad variety of microorganisms low concentrations can be applied in treatment for pathogenic infections

Answer 43

heavy metals

Question 44

this is a type of synthetic surfactant that works by decreasing surface tension, disrupts lipid cell membranes, works by emulsification, wash hands for 30 seconds, rinse 10 seconds

Answer 44

soap

Question 45

this type of disinfecting and antiseptic chemical is a positively charged detergent, so stronger surfactants, act against cell membrane, less toxic to humans, broad variety of microorganisms

Answer 45

quaternary ammonium compounds (quats; cationic detergents)

Question 46

this type of disinfectant oxidizes cellular protein components i.e. H2O2, benzoyl peroxide what does H2O2 eliminate?Benzoyl peroxide?

Answer 46

peroxygens anaerobic pathogens acne treatments

Question 47

this type of sterilant inactivates proteins and DNA, killing vegetative cells, viruses, and endospores, skin irritant limited to sterilizing instruments and equipment?

Answer 47

aldehydes

Question 48

this type of sterilant inactivates proteins and DNA useful in sterilizing heat or moisture sensitive items, high penetration, kills spores and microbes explosive, burns on contact with skin

Answer 48

sterilizing gases like ethylene oxide and choline dioxide