MODULE II STUDY GUIDE Flashcards
this type of toxicity interferes with prokaryotic cell structure or function not present in eukaryotes
more difficult to find differences between eukaryotic pathogens and human cells
basis of antibiotic therapy
selective toxicity
antibiotics can attack these important parts of the cell?
`cell wall
DNA gyrase
DNA polymerase
protein synthesis
what are the primary structural and functional differences of the noncellular prototypic viruses?
protective protein coat surrounding a piece of genetic information
genetic encoding for replication and redirection
susceptible host cells
name this type of viral pathogenesis?
direct cellular damage
dysfunction of host cell
immunologic damage to infected host cell
this microscopy term is when there is the ability to differentiate two closely positioned points?
resolving power
what is the effect on the resolving power where there is shorter wavelengths?
more resolution
how is magnification defined?
ocular lens power x objective lens power
name this visible light microscopy:
visible light wavelengths
organisms dark against white grey field
stains simple, differential or negative
bright field
basic stains, acidic stains and negative stains are what type of stains?
simple stains
when we use two dyes what type of stain is this?
ex. primary and secondary counterstain
differential stains
when we decrease numerical aperture, what is the effect on the resolving power?
decrease resolving power
how does light affect brightfield, darkfield and phase contrast microscopes, all types of light microscopes?
through
refracted
diffracted at different speeds
name this type of microscopy:
Visible light wavelengths
introduced at an angle so that
only light refracted by the
specimen enters the lens
Organism appears white against
dark surrounding area.
darkfield
name this type of microscopy:
Visible light wavelengths introduced through specimen out of phase or non-parallel. Variation in density of cellular materials refract light differently.
phase contrast and Nomarski interference microscopy
name this type of microscopy:
Use shorter wavelength UV to improve Resolving power and increase magnification. Use fluorescent dye to fluoresce when exposed to specific wavelengths. Could use as a bioindicator control organism
UV and fluorescent microscopy
name this type of microscopy:
TEM transmission
Uses streams of electrons focused by electromagnets to significantly improve resolving power and magnification.. Requires significant preparation of specimen.
SEM scanning
Streams of electrons are bounced off of
surface of specimen
electron microscopy
name this microbial group?
protein coat (DNA or RNA) protein coat envelope no self contained enzymes only grown in specific living cells, not on media
viruses - noncellular
name this microbial group?
free living peptidoglycan endospores asexual grown on lab media
bacteria (Eubacteria) or prokaryotes
name this microbial group?
specialized waxy material
acid fast
reproduce slowly
grow much slower on lab media
mycobacteria
name this microbial group?
obligate intracellular parasites inside of infected cell incomplete metabolic potential poor survival outside transmitted by arthropod vector do not grow on lab media
rickettsia and chlamydia
name this microbial group?
lack bacterial cell wall
sterols
poor survival in the environment
grown slowly on enriched lab media containing sterols
mycoplasma
name this microbial group?
free living cells growing as single cells or filamentous chains of cells
chitinous cell wall
reproduction by budding or apical growth
asexual spores that are easily disseminated in the air and resistant to the environment
grow on lab media
fungi-eukaryotic
name this microbial group?
lack of cell wall but animal cell type of membrane free living or intracellular parasites many have complex life cycles some transmitted by insects can't be grown on lab media
protozoa- Eukaryotes
name this microbial group?
multicellular produce environmentally resistant ova compete for nutrients in host can have complex life cycles with sexual stages can't be grown on lab media
helminths-eukaryotes
name this microbial group?
aka ectoparasites, blood sucking like ticks, mice, mosquitos
arthropods-eukaryotes
what is the nucleus of pathogen transmission?
host
vector
pathogen
this is the infection point between healthy and infectious
dysbiosis
degree of pathogenicity and ability to cause disease?
virulence of the pathogen
what does degree of virulence equal too?
degree of pathogenicity
what are some enzymes from bacteria damage human cells?
alphahemolysin
antistrepsolysin 0-
others include collagenase, protease, lipase from C. perfringens, clostridial sp., S. aureus, S. pyogenes
what are the arsenal systems of viruses? Fungi?
cytolysis, dysfunctional cell, unchecked replication, immunopathologic tissue destruction
secondary resistance, direct extension of growth, immunopathologic tissue destruction
these are toxins produced inside pathogenic bacteria, most commonly gram positive bacteria.
exotoxins
these toxins are the lipid portions of lipopolysaccharides that are part of the outer membrane of the cell wall of gram negative bacteria?
endotoxins
what does endotoxin activate in the body?
activates macrophages
activates complements
activates tissue factors
what types of shock are triggered as a result of endotoxins?
toxic shock syndrome (S aureus, S. pyogenes) septic shock (from gram negatives caused by bacteremia)
name this carrier state:
shedding during symptomatic phase
symptomatic carrier
name this carrier state:
shedding prior to symptoms (chicken pox/flu/HIV)
incubatory carrier
name this carrier state:
shedding after primary symptoms disappears like typhoid fever and syphilis?
convalescent
name this carrier state:
shedding without overt symptoms like mumps and S. aureus
asymptomatic carrier
what is the course of infectious disease?
access-establishment incubation prodormal period acute period host response escape and survival convalescent period
what are the different types of infectious disease patterns/
acute primary infection
chronic infection
latent infection
subclinical infection
what is the simplified process for inflammation?
vascular response
fluid exudation
cellular exudation- PMN and macrophages
chemotaxis and migration
normal WBC count?
4000-11000
WBC count for Leucocytopenia?
<4000
WBC count for leucocytosis?
> 11000
what is the significance of a differential count?
takes into consideration neutrophilia eosinophils basophils monocytes lymphocytes
when is fever not Lethal?
<109 degrees F
what is the febrile convulsive response reaction?
self-limiting tonic clonic seizure 20-60 sec up to 15 min
brain stem synaptic immaturity
neurologically and environmentally healthy
no impact on cognitive fxn
6 mo-5 yrs
what are the fever benefits?
increased cell mediated immune activity strengthens interferon effect increase iron binding response to infection IL-6, IL-1, TNF-alpha, IFN-g, cAMP
mutation in the RYR1 gene 19q13.1
Ca channels release disruption
volatile anesthetics gases and depolarizing muscle relaxants
malignant hypothermia caused by hyper catabolic state
examples of fevers from unknown origins?
40% infection 20% neoplasm 15% connective tissue 15% immune 10% undiagnosed
what are the sepsis steps?
4 steps SIRS SEPSIS SEVERE SEPSIS SEPTIC SHOCK
what is DIC?
inappropriate activation of the clotting system leading to bleeding
what is the iceberg concept of infection?
host and cell responses divided up into discernible effect and below visual change.
The cell response has both lysis of the cell and death of the organism
in the lysis of the cell under cell response, what are the discernible effects?
below visual changes?
inclusion oof body formation
cell transformation
cell dysfunction
viral multiplication, incomplete viral maturation
exposure without attachment or cell entry
in the death of the organism, under host response, what is the discernible effect?
below visual changes
classic and severe disease
moderate severity and mild illness
infection without clinical illness
exposure without infection
green non sulfur bacteria, gram positives, purple bacteria, cyanobacteria, flavobacteria, thermotogales are examples of what type of microbial group?
bacteria
Euryarchaeota, Crenarchaeota, Halophiles are examples of what microbial group?
archaeons
animals, fungi, slime molds, ciliates, plants, flagellates are examples of what microbial group?
eukaryotes
encapsulated bacterial pneumonia
S. Pneumoniae
A top 5 STD-piliated
N. gonorrhea
this is used in nonrecognition, resistance to intracellular destruction, and kills WBCs?
leukocidins
Klebsiella pneumo is this type of encapsulated bacteria?
mucosal
strept pneumo is this type of encapsulated bacteria?
mucosal
what are the encapsulated bacteria that can be treated with vaccine?
A popular mnemonic to remember most of the encapsulated bacteria is the SHiNE SKiS bacteria
(S. pneumo, Hib, N. meningitidis, E. Coli, Salmonella, Klebsiella, Group B Strep)
what are the actions of the antibodies?
agglutination
opsonization
neutralization
this affect of an antibody reduces #s?
agglutination
this affect of an antibody increases phagocytosis?
increases phagocytosis
this affect of an antibody blocks the active site?
neutralization
this encapsulated bacteria impacts opsonization by destroying the C3 convertase (complement pathway) and has this protein that inhibits phagocytosis?
streptococcus
M-protein
this encapsulated bacteria has a waxy cell wall made of mycotic acids and disrupts the digestion of a cell wall and lives in macrophages?
Mycobacterium (TB)
these bacteria have Biofilm and endospores
S. Aureus
B. anthracis, C. dfficile
bacteria have enzymes that have these functions?
damage human cells, degrade intracellular materials or inactive signaling factors, trigger immunopathologic damage of tissues
how does S. Aureus act as when toxic shock syndrome occurs because endotoxin is released?
it acts as a super antigen
what are the effects of endotoxins?
fever- interleukin 1
hypotension- bradykinin, NO
inflammation- C3a, C5a, complement cascade
coagulation- activates hageman factor
what do antigens trigger?
cytokine storm release
what are the biologic resistance mechanisms that allow host to resist encroachment, colonization or infection?
skin antimicrobial substances low pH lysozyme normal microbial flora
examples of carrier states?
symptomatic carrier
incubatory carrier
convalescent carrier
asymptomatic carrier
what are the specific immune response mechanisms?
immunoglobins (Ig)- antibodies
cells (T-cell) recognize and attache infected cells
general states of health?
nutrition leading to immunodeficiency
stress physiologic state
how does phagocytosis occur, list out the steps?
attach
through cytokine receptor
fusion of phagosome and lysosome
production of phagolysosome
what are the antimicrobial assets of the cell?
definsins
superoxide anions
myeloperoxidase, halides. peroxidase
non peroxide elements
what are the reasons why microbial cell may not be recognized?
capsule protection
fibrin coating
what is a reason for protection against intracellular destruction?
acid fast cell wall
prevention of degranulation
lack of ability of the cell to destroy
these WBCs have bands vs segs?
neutrophils
these WBCs release histamines during an allergic reaction, Binds with IgE (also mast cells)
basophils
these WBCs are involved in parasite, allergy, cancer and infection?
eosinophils
the febrile response is autonomic T/F? if so, what is released?
T
PGE2
what are some fever patterns?
spiking
chronic low grade
recurrent
sustained
what age does the febrile convulsive response reaction happen?
6 mo- 5 years
describe how NSAIDs work?
tissue injury to
phospholipids to
arachidonic acid can be used to form leukotrienes and also COX-1, COX-2
COX-1 is constitutional or inducible?
constitutional
COX-2 is constitutional or inducible?
inducible
COX-1 releases cytoprotective prostaglandins or inflammatory prostaglandins?
cytoprotective prostaglandins
COX-2 releases cytoprotective prostaglandins or inflammatory prostaglandins?
inflammatory prostaglandins
response to inflammatory response
IL-1 stimulates liver to produce them
marker of inflammation and chemotaxis
acute phase proteins- CRP
reduced RBC count
destruction of RBC
impairment of synthesis
anemia- not common manifestation
uncontrolled formation and deposition of fibrin thrombi leading to clotting which also leads to bleeding disorders and hemorrhage especially seen in septicemias
disseminated intravascular coagulation
usually associated with gram negative septicemias
septic shock
what are the other nonspecific general body responses?
anorexia
malaise- discomfort
myalgia- muscle pain
arthralgia- joint pain
