module 8 Flashcards

1
Q

speciation forms what

A

a conceptual bridge between microevolution and macroevolution

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2
Q

what is an example of macroevolutionary change

A

origin of new groups of organisms such as mammals or flowering plants through a series of speciation events

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3
Q

species in terms of macroorganism

A

group of organisms that produce valuable fertile offspring under natural conditions

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4
Q

reproductive isolation

A

barriers prevent members of two species from producing viable fertile offspring

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5
Q

what could be a reason for reproductive isolation

A

could. be mating timeline differs or traits differing

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6
Q

what could happen to a hybrid that is born

A

can be less happy and not being able to reproduce

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7
Q

hybrid breakdown

A

anything inhibiting thriving after being born

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8
Q

species in terms of microorganism

A

genetically related enough (defined threshold) and fulfill same ecological roles

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9
Q

how do microbes reproduce

A

asexually

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10
Q

can speciation take place with or without geographic seperation

A

yes

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11
Q

allopatric speciation

A

Areas with divided barriers have more species (island chains)

-population forms new species while geographically isolated from the parent population

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12
Q

sympatric speciation

A

-less common and driven by sexual selection or utilization of a different food or habitat

no subset of species forms without geographic isolation

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13
Q

what could allopatric speciation be caused by

A

founder effect or river diverging

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14
Q

allo =

A

other

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15
Q

sym=

A

together

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16
Q

How can reproductive barriers form between sympatric populations while their members remain in contact with each other?

A

Although such contact (and the ongoing gene flow that results) makes sympatric speciation less common than allopatric speciation, sympatric speciation can occur if gene flow is reduced by such factors as sexual selection and habitat differentiation. (Note that sexual selection and habitat differentiation also can promote allopatric speciation.)

17
Q

behavioral barrier

A

females prefer to mate with males of the same body shape

18
Q

when can sympatric speciation occur

A

when a subpopulation exploits a habitat or resources not used by parent population

19
Q

how long does it take for a new species to form (with focus on macroorganisms)

A

depends on species and environment

20
Q

looking at opatterns in fossil records is known as

A

morphology

21
Q

two models of morphology

A

punctuated model and gradual model

22
Q

punctuated model

A

new species change most as they branch from a parent species and then change little for the rest of their experience

23
Q

gradual model

A

species diverge from one another more slowly and steadily overtime

24
Q

how long on average foes speciation in plants and animals take

A

it is highly variable but on average takes millions of years

25
Q

how long is speciation in micorbes

A

much shorter in microbes due to fast generation time

26
Q

how many genes influence the formation of new species

A

1, a few, or a lot can (enough to cause reproductive isolation)

27
Q

in some cases what can reproductive isolation result fro

A

the effects of one gene or by many genes

28
Q

how does the amount of genes that influence a new species differ in microbes

A

has less to do with how they reproduce but about their niche and function. more about genetic variation threshold (look at average nucleotide or RNA to classify bacteria)