module 8

Question 1

speciation forms what

Answer 1

a conceptual bridge between microevolution and macroevolution

Question 2

what is an example of macroevolutionary change

Answer 2

origin of new groups of organisms such as mammals or flowering plants through a series of speciation events

Question 3

species in terms of macroorganism

Answer 3

group of organisms that produce valuable fertile offspring under natural conditions

Question 4

reproductive isolation

Answer 4

barriers prevent members of two species from producing viable fertile offspring

Question 5

what could be a reason for reproductive isolation

Answer 5

could. be mating timeline differs or traits differing

Question 6

what could happen to a hybrid that is born

Answer 6

can be less happy and not being able to reproduce

Question 7

hybrid breakdown

Answer 7

anything inhibiting thriving after being born

Question 8

species in terms of microorganism

Answer 8

genetically related enough (defined threshold) and fulfill same ecological roles

Question 9

how do microbes reproduce

Answer 9

asexually

Question 10

can speciation take place with or without geographic seperation

Answer 10

yes

Question 11

allopatric speciation

Answer 11

Areas with divided barriers have more species (island chains)

-population forms new species while geographically isolated from the parent population

Question 12

sympatric speciation

Answer 12

-less common and driven by sexual selection or utilization of a different food or habitat

no subset of species forms without geographic isolation

Question 13

what could allopatric speciation be caused by

Answer 13

founder effect or river diverging

Question 14

allo =

Answer 14

other

Question 15

sym=

Answer 15

together

Question 16

How can reproductive barriers form between sympatric populations while their members remain in contact with each other?

Answer 16

Although such contact (and the ongoing gene flow that results) makes sympatric speciation less common than allopatric speciation, sympatric speciation can occur if gene flow is reduced by such factors as sexual selection and habitat differentiation. (Note that sexual selection and habitat differentiation also can promote allopatric speciation.)

Question 17

behavioral barrier

Answer 17

females prefer to mate with males of the same body shape

Question 18

when can sympatric speciation occur

Answer 18

when a subpopulation exploits a habitat or resources not used by parent population

Question 19

how long does it take for a new species to form (with focus on macroorganisms)

Answer 19

depends on species and environment

Question 20

looking at opatterns in fossil records is known as

Answer 20

morphology

Question 21

two models of morphology

Answer 21

punctuated model and gradual model

Question 22

punctuated model

Answer 22

new species change most as they branch from a parent species and then change little for the rest of their experience

Question 23

gradual model

Answer 23

species diverge from one another more slowly and steadily overtime

Question 24

how long on average foes speciation in plants and animals take

Answer 24

it is highly variable but on average takes millions of years

Question 25

how long is speciation in micorbes

Answer 25

much shorter in microbes due to fast generation time

Question 26

how many genes influence the formation of new species

Answer 26

1, a few, or a lot can (enough to cause reproductive isolation)

Question 27

in some cases what can reproductive isolation result fro

Answer 27

the effects of one gene or by many genes

Question 28

how does the amount of genes that influence a new species differ in microbes

Answer 28

has less to do with how they reproduce but about their niche and function. more about genetic variation threshold (look at average nucleotide or RNA to classify bacteria)