module 4A Flashcards
how does the ribosome recognize and bind to specific tRNA
by providing suitable positioning for the correct tRNA via conformational changes
what can ribosome detect
incorrect tRNA and trigger conformational changes that lead to its release
what is a conformational change and what is it often inducded by
change in the shape of a macromolecule often induced by environmental factors
what is GTP
energy-rich nucleotides analogues to TAP that is composed of guanine, ribose, and three phosphate groups
what does structure determine
fucntion
what is the simplest collection of matter that can be alive
cell
what do cells come from
preexisting cells
what is a fertilized egg considered early in development
a single cell
plasma membrane
the membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, regulating the cells chemical composition
what are the basic structures of all cells
plasma membrane
-semifluid substance call cytosol
-chromosomes
-ribosomes
cytosol
semifluid portion of the cytoplasm
cytoplasm
the contents of the cell bounded by the plasma membrane; in eukaryotes, the portion exclusive of the nucleus
plasma membrane
the membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, regulating the cell’s chemical composition
how are prokaryotic cells charcaterized
no nucleus
-DNA in nucleoid
-no membrane enclosed organelles
-cytoplasm
nucleoid
non membrane enclosed region in the prokaryotic cell where its chromosome is located
cell wall
protective layer external to the plasma membrane in the cells of plants, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists
what is the cytoplasm bound by
plasma membrane
in what region is the cytoplasm
region between the plasma membrane and nucleus
organelle
any of several membrane enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells
defining feature of a cell
it can replicate on its own unlike virus
what do cells have to do on their own
metabolize
chloroplasts
An organelle found in plants and photosynthesis protists that absorb sunlight and use it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water
vacuole
membrane bound vesicle with specialized functions in different cells
what is the central vacuole important in mainting
structure of the plant cell, growth, storage, and sequestration of toxic substances
where are the eukaryotic cell’s genetic info mostly housed in
nucleus and carried out by the ribosomes
what do free ribosomes make
proteins found in the cytosol
nucleus
organelle of eukaryotic cells that contains genetic material in the form of chromosomes made up of chromatin
nucleolus
specialized structure in the nucleus, consisting of chromosomal regions containing ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes along with ribosome proteins imported from the cytoplasm
where does mRNA formed in nucleus exit from and where does it move towards
exit the nuclear pore and move towards a ribosome
endomembrane system
regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions
endoplasmic reticulum
An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions; synthesizes biological molecules and removes toxins.
golgi apparatus
Organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum and synthesize some products; modify proteins, synthesize polysaccharides, routes products using vesicles
Vesicles
membrane-bound nanoparticles containing various products; lysosomes are vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes to breakdown parts of the cell and ingested material
what do mitochondria and chloroplasts do
change energy from one form to another
mitochondria are the sites of what
cellular respiration, a metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate ATP
what type of cell walls do plants have
rigid cell walls
chromatin
complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes
where is the site of photosynthesis
chlorplasts
Thylakoid
Flattened, membranous sac inside a chloroplast that contains the molecular machinery used to convert light energy to chemical energy
granum
stack of thylakoids
stroma
dense fluid within chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane and containing ribosomes and DNA
stroma
dense fluid within the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane and containing ribosomes and DNA
what is the ATP produced in the chloroplast used for
carbon fixation
cytoskeleton
network of fibers that extends throughout the cytoplasm and organizes structures and activities in the cell
