module 4A

Question 1

how does the ribosome recognize and bind to specific tRNA

Answer 1

by providing suitable positioning for the correct tRNA via conformational changes

Question 2

what can ribosome detect

Answer 2

incorrect tRNA and trigger conformational changes that lead to its release

Question 3

what is a conformational change and what is it often inducded by

Answer 3

change in the shape of a macromolecule often induced by environmental factors

Question 4

what is GTP

Answer 4

energy-rich nucleotides analogues to TAP that is composed of guanine, ribose, and three phosphate groups

Question 5

what does structure determine

Answer 5

fucntion

Question 6

what is the simplest collection of matter that can be alive

Answer 6

cell

Question 7

what do cells come from

Answer 7

preexisting cells

Question 8

what is a fertilized egg considered early in development

Answer 8

a single cell

Question 9

plasma membrane

Answer 9

the membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, regulating the cells chemical composition

Question 10

what are the basic structures of all cells

Answer 10

plasma membrane
-semifluid substance call cytosol
-chromosomes
-ribosomes

Question 11

cytosol

Answer 11

semifluid portion of the cytoplasm

Question 12

cytoplasm

Answer 12

the contents of the cell bounded by the plasma membrane; in eukaryotes, the portion exclusive of the nucleus

Question 13

plasma membrane

Answer 13

the membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, regulating the cell’s chemical composition

Question 14

how are prokaryotic cells charcaterized

Answer 14

no nucleus
-DNA in nucleoid
-no membrane enclosed organelles
-cytoplasm

Question 15

nucleoid

Answer 15

non membrane enclosed region in the prokaryotic cell where its chromosome is located

Question 16

cell wall

Answer 16

protective layer external to the plasma membrane in the cells of plants, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists

Question 17

what is the cytoplasm bound by

Answer 17

plasma membrane

Question 18

in what region is the cytoplasm

Answer 18

region between the plasma membrane and nucleus

Question 19

organelle

Answer 19

any of several membrane enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells

Question 20

defining feature of a cell

Answer 20

it can replicate on its own unlike virus

Question 21

what do cells have to do on their own

Answer 21

metabolize

Question 22

chloroplasts

Answer 22

An organelle found in plants and photosynthesis protists that absorb sunlight and use it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water

Question 23

vacuole

Answer 23

membrane bound vesicle with specialized functions in different cells

Question 24

what is the central vacuole important in mainting

Answer 24

structure of the plant cell, growth, storage, and sequestration of toxic substances

Question 25

where are the eukaryotic cell’s genetic info mostly housed in

Answer 25

nucleus and carried out by the ribosomes

Question 26

what do free ribosomes make

Answer 26

proteins found in the cytosol

Question 27

nucleus

Answer 27

organelle of eukaryotic cells that contains genetic material in the form of chromosomes made up of chromatin

Question 28

nucleolus

Answer 28

specialized structure in the nucleus, consisting of chromosomal regions containing ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes along with ribosome proteins imported from the cytoplasm

Question 29

where does mRNA formed in nucleus exit from and where does it move towards

Answer 29

exit the nuclear pore and move towards a ribosome

Question 30

endomembrane system

Answer 30

regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions

Question 31

endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 31

An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions; synthesizes biological molecules and removes toxins.

Question 32

golgi apparatus

Answer 32

Organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum and synthesize some products; modify proteins, synthesize polysaccharides, routes products using vesicles

Question 33

Vesicles

Answer 33

membrane-bound nanoparticles containing various products; lysosomes are vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes to breakdown parts of the cell and ingested material

Question 34

what do mitochondria and chloroplasts do

Answer 34

change energy from one form to another

Question 35

mitochondria are the sites of what

Answer 35

cellular respiration, a metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate ATP

Question 36

what type of cell walls do plants have

Answer 36

rigid cell walls

Question 37

chromatin

Answer 37

complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes

Question 38

where is the site of photosynthesis

Answer 38

chlorplasts

Question 39

Thylakoid

Answer 39

Flattened, membranous sac inside a chloroplast that contains the molecular machinery used to convert light energy to chemical energy

Question 40

granum

Answer 40

stack of thylakoids

Question 41

stroma

Answer 41

dense fluid within chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane and containing ribosomes and DNA

Question 42

stroma

Answer 42

dense fluid within the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane and containing ribosomes and DNA

Question 43

what is the ATP produced in the chloroplast used for

Answer 43

carbon fixation

Question 44

cytoskeleton

Answer 44

network of fibers that extends throughout the cytoplasm and organizes structures and activities in the cell