4B slides Flashcards
what are characteristics of prokaryotic cells
-no membrane bound organelles
-most abundant organisms
-diverse lifestyles and metabolisms
-found everywhere
what do prokaryotes drive
chemical cycling and decomosition
symbiosis
an ecological relationship between organisms of two different species that live together in direct and intimate contact
mutualism
both species benefit
ex:flowers get pollinated and bees get nectar
commensalism
one species benefits while the other is unaffected
ex:whale is unaffected and barnacles find food
parasitism
one species benefits, and the other is harmed
ex: tick feeds on cats’ blood and the cat gets skin irritation
what are parasitic prokaryotes
pathogenic
what are 1/2 of all human diseases caused by
bacteria
what do human microbiomes mostly consist of
commensalists and mutualists
microbiome
a collection of fungi and bacteria. and viruses found in a habitat such as on/in animals and plants
opportunistic pathogens
cause disease when the host’s defenses are compromised or when the microorganisms balance in the microbiome is disrupted
what is essential for the immune system
microbiome
what makes a complete human
visible organs and invisible microbiome
what does every organism require to drive reactions
source of energy
what does every organism require for synthesizing organic compounds
source of carbon (inorganic carbon (CO2) or organic carbon
phototrophs
obtain energy from sunlight
chemotrophs
Obtain energy from chemicals
example of chemicals chemotrophs use to obtain energy
iron or organic molecules
are phototrophs and chemotrophs present in eukaryotes or prokaryotes
eukaryotes
what do autotrophs need a source of to synthesize organic compounds
need only CO2 or related carbon (eg HCO3) as a carbon source
what do heterotrophs need to synthesize organic compounds
at least one organic nutrient as a carbon source (eg glucose and petroleum)
are autotrophs and heterotrophs found in eukaryotes or prokaryotes
eukaryotes
what can degrade petroleum
fungi
energy source of photoauotroph
sunlight
carbon source for photoautotroph
CO2 or related compound
chemoautroph energy source
inorganic chemicals (H2S, NH3, Fe2)
carbon source or chemoautotrph
CO2 or related compound
energy source of photoheterotroph
sunlight
carbon source of photoheterotroph
organic compounds
chemoheterotroph energy source
organic compound
chemoheterotroph carbon source
organic compounds
which modes are present in multicellular eukaryotes
photoautophs and chemoheterotrophs
what mode are humans
chemoheterotrophs
carbon source
The molecules that an organism uses as its carbon source for generating biomass are referred to as “carbon sources” in biology. It is possible for organic or inorganic sources of carbon
saprobes
decomposers
what do parasites rely on
living host
what does nitrogen fixation male
atmospheric nitrogen available to other organisms
process of nitrogen fixation
convert N2 into ammonia (NH3) which is quickly protonated into ammonium (NH4)
what is essential for multicellular life
nitrogen fixation
can prokaryotes fix nitrogen
yes
Thylakoid membrane
localized membranes that carry out photosynthesis
mitochondria
sites of cellular respiration, a metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate ATP
what is one of the main functions of the two membranes of a mitochondrion
to create the inter-membrane space between them. The inner membrane allows hydrogen ions to pass through it and into the inter-membrane space. However the outer mitochondrial membrane does not allow the hydrogen ions to leave
where are chloroplasts found
found in plants and algae
what are chlorplasts sites of
photosynthesis
inner and outer membrane purpose of chloroplast
The outer membrane of the chloroplast envelope, like that of mitochondria, contains porins and is therefore freely permeable to small molecules. In contrast, theinner membraneis impermeable to ions and metabolites, which are therefore able to enter chloroplasts only via specific membrane transporters.
what constrained prokaryotes evolution
their small size and limited genome
what did compartmentation in the eukaryotic cell allow
evolution of larger cells because chemical reactions became more efficient
what are the two types of prokaryotes
bacteria and archea
are humans more closelt relared to archea or bacteria
archea
endoplasmic reticulum
transport proteins throughout the cell via vesicles. Site for protein synthesize
endosymbiosis
one organism lives inside the cell or cells of another organisms
endosymbiont theory
the theory that mitochondria and plastids originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by a host cell. The engulfed cell and its host then evolved into a single organisms
plastids
any class of small organelles such as chloroplasts in the cytoplasm of plant cells containing pigment or food
what are alpha proteobacterium a branch of
aerobic bacteria with DNA that are most similar to mitochondrial DNA
how do mitochondria and chloroplasts replicate
by binary fission
what evidence supports the endosymbiont theory
1)mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA, ribosomes, double membranes
2)mitochondria and chloroplasts replicate by binary fission
3)DNA similar to prokaryotes that had similar functions
Compartmentalization in cells is
the separation of the cell interior in distinct compartments with specific local conditions that allow the simultaneous occurrence of diverse metabolic reactions and processes.
Prokaryotes are
organisms whose cells lack a nucleus and other organelles
How is it possible for a single genome to give rise to multiple cell types?
As cells divide, they differentiate by expressing different sets of genes (turn off and on genes responsible for each cell type). turn on and off genes to control which proteins are synthesized
What is the vast majority of eukaryotic diversity
unicellular
