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Biology 242- Genomes and Evolution > 4B slides > Flashcards

4B slides Flashcards

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1
Q

what are characteristics of prokaryotic cells

A

-no membrane bound organelles
-most abundant organisms
-diverse lifestyles and metabolisms
-found everywhere

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2
Q

what do prokaryotes drive

A

chemical cycling and decomosition

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3
Q

symbiosis

A

an ecological relationship between organisms of two different species that live together in direct and intimate contact

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4
Q

mutualism

A

both species benefit
ex:flowers get pollinated and bees get nectar

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5
Q

commensalism

A

one species benefits while the other is unaffected
ex:whale is unaffected and barnacles find food

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6
Q

parasitism

A

one species benefits, and the other is harmed
ex: tick feeds on cats’ blood and the cat gets skin irritation

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7
Q

what are parasitic prokaryotes

A

pathogenic

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8
Q

what are 1/2 of all human diseases caused by

A

bacteria

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9
Q

what do human microbiomes mostly consist of

A

commensalists and mutualists

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10
Q

microbiome

A

a collection of fungi and bacteria. and viruses found in a habitat such as on/in animals and plants

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11
Q

opportunistic pathogens

A

cause disease when the host’s defenses are compromised or when the microorganisms balance in the microbiome is disrupted

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12
Q

what is essential for the immune system

A

microbiome

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13
Q

what makes a complete human

A

visible organs and invisible microbiome

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14
Q

what does every organism require to drive reactions

A

source of energy

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15
Q

what does every organism require for synthesizing organic compounds

A

source of carbon (inorganic carbon (CO2) or organic carbon

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16
Q

phototrophs

A

obtain energy from sunlight

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17
Q

chemotrophs

A

Obtain energy from chemicals

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18
Q

example of chemicals chemotrophs use to obtain energy

A

iron or organic molecules

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19
Q

are phototrophs and chemotrophs present in eukaryotes or prokaryotes

A

eukaryotes

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20
Q

what do autotrophs need a source of to synthesize organic compounds

A

need only CO2 or related carbon (eg HCO3) as a carbon source

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21
Q

what do heterotrophs need to synthesize organic compounds

A

at least one organic nutrient as a carbon source (eg glucose and petroleum)

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22
Q

are autotrophs and heterotrophs found in eukaryotes or prokaryotes

A

eukaryotes

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23
Q

what can degrade petroleum

A

fungi

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24
Q

energy source of photoauotroph

A

sunlight

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25
Q

carbon source for photoautotroph

A

CO2 or related compound

26
Q

chemoautroph energy source

A

inorganic chemicals (H2S, NH3, Fe2)

27
Q

carbon source or chemoautotrph

A

CO2 or related compound

28
Q

energy source of photoheterotroph

A

sunlight

29
Q

carbon source of photoheterotroph

A

organic compounds

30
Q

chemoheterotroph energy source

A

organic compound

31
Q

chemoheterotroph carbon source

A

organic compounds

32
Q

which modes are present in multicellular eukaryotes

A

photoautophs and chemoheterotrophs

33
Q

what mode are humans

A

chemoheterotrophs

34
Q

carbon source

A

The molecules that an organism uses as its carbon source for generating biomass are referred to as “carbon sources” in biology. It is possible for organic or inorganic sources of carbon

35
Q

saprobes

A

decomposers

36
Q

what do parasites rely on

A

living host

37
Q

what does nitrogen fixation male

A

atmospheric nitrogen available to other organisms

38
Q

process of nitrogen fixation

A

convert N2 into ammonia (NH3) which is quickly protonated into ammonium (NH4)

39
Q

what is essential for multicellular life

A

nitrogen fixation

40
Q

can prokaryotes fix nitrogen

A

yes

41
Q

Thylakoid membrane

A

localized membranes that carry out photosynthesis

42
Q

mitochondria

A

sites of cellular respiration, a metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate ATP

43
Q

what is one of the main functions of the two membranes of a mitochondrion

A

to create the inter-membrane space between them. The inner membrane allows hydrogen ions to pass through it and into the inter-membrane space. However the outer mitochondrial membrane does not allow the hydrogen ions to leave

44
Q

where are chloroplasts found

A

found in plants and algae

45
Q

what are chlorplasts sites of

A

photosynthesis

46
Q

inner and outer membrane purpose of chloroplast

A

The outer membrane of the chloroplast envelope, like that of mitochondria, contains porins and is therefore freely permeable to small molecules. In contrast, theinner membraneis impermeable to ions and metabolites, which are therefore able to enter chloroplasts only via specific membrane transporters.

47
Q

what constrained prokaryotes evolution

A

their small size and limited genome

48
Q

what did compartmentation in the eukaryotic cell allow

A

evolution of larger cells because chemical reactions became more efficient

49
Q

what are the two types of prokaryotes

A

bacteria and archea

50
Q

are humans more closelt relared to archea or bacteria

A

archea

51
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

transport proteins throughout the cell via vesicles. Site for protein synthesize

52
Q

endosymbiosis

A

one organism lives inside the cell or cells of another organisms

53
Q

endosymbiont theory

A

the theory that mitochondria and plastids originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by a host cell. The engulfed cell and its host then evolved into a single organisms

54
Q

plastids

A

any class of small organelles such as chloroplasts in the cytoplasm of plant cells containing pigment or food

55
Q

what are alpha proteobacterium a branch of

A

aerobic bacteria with DNA that are most similar to mitochondrial DNA

56
Q

how do mitochondria and chloroplasts replicate

A

by binary fission

57
Q

what evidence supports the endosymbiont theory

A

1)mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA, ribosomes, double membranes
2)mitochondria and chloroplasts replicate by binary fission
3)DNA similar to prokaryotes that had similar functions

58
Q

Compartmentalization in cells is

A

the separation of the cell interior in distinct compartments with specific local conditions that allow the simultaneous occurrence of diverse metabolic reactions and processes.

59
Q

Prokaryotes are

A

organisms whose cells lack a nucleus and other organelles

60
Q

How is it possible for a single genome to give rise to multiple cell types?

A

As cells divide, they differentiate by expressing different sets of genes (turn off and on genes responsible for each cell type). turn on and off genes to control which proteins are synthesized

61
Q

What is the vast majority of eukaryotic diversity

A

unicellular

Biology 242- Genomes and Evolution (35 decks)

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