5d slides Flashcards
what precedes determination
differentiation
differentiation
process by which cells become specialized in structure and function
determination
ireversibily commits a cell to becoming a particular cell type
what are myoblast cells determines to form and produce
form muscle cells and produce large amounts of muscle specific proteins
what is MyoD
master regulatory gene
what does MyoD encode for
transcription factor activator that commits the cell to become skeletal muscle
what does cell differentiation often result from
sequential activation of tissue specific genes
morphogenesis
the development of the form of an organism and its structures
what does a program of differenetnail gene expression lead to
different cell types in a multicellular organism
what do phsyicsal processes that give an orgaism its shape constitute
morphogenesis
where do cytoplasmic determinatnts come from
the mother
cytoplasmic determinants
maternal substances, such as protein or mRNA, that when placed into an egg infleunces the course of early development by regukating expression of genes that affect developmental fate of cells
induction
cells from one area of the embryo infleunce another area via signals that affect gene expression
label each part
arrow s signal stransduction pathway
-keyhole is signal receptor
-little bals are the signaling molcule (inducer)
what are cells in the lowest tier of cells releasing
signaling molecules to nearby cells that change their gene expressopm
model organism
something you can use to in al lab that is similar to humans genetically and easy to observe to study things applicable to human.
embryogenesis
formation and development of the embryo
pattern formation
development of spatial organiszation of tissues and organs
positional information
molecular cues that control pattern formation are provided by cytoplasmic determinants and inductive signals
what does pattern formation begin with
establishment of major axis
label each axes
-up is dorsal
-down is ventral
-left is anterior
-right is posterior
-right diagonal is right
-left diagonal is left
anterior posterior axis
- axis extends from head (anterior) to tail (posterior) of the embryo
dorsal ventral axis
extends from back (dorsal) to the belly (ventral) of embryo
left right axis
refers to the symmetry along the left and right sides of the embryo
maternal effect gene
a gene that when a mutant in the mother results in a mutants phentotype in the offpsinrg regardless of the offsprings genotype
bicoid is a
morphogen that determines head structures
example of morphogen
protein
morphogen
provides positional info
how is bicoid protein distributed
in an anterior to posterior gtadient in early embryo in the wild type for
what does locaiton of mRNA in mothers egg determines
where proteins are located in embryo
