5d slides

Question 1

what precedes determination

Answer 1

differentiation

Question 2

differentiation

Answer 2

process by which cells become specialized in structure and function

Question 3

determination

Answer 3

ireversibily commits a cell to becoming a particular cell type

Question 4

what are myoblast cells determines to form and produce

Answer 4

form muscle cells and produce large amounts of muscle specific proteins

Question 5

what is MyoD

Answer 5

master regulatory gene

Question 6

what does MyoD encode for

Answer 6

transcription factor activator that commits the cell to become skeletal muscle

Question 7

what does cell differentiation often result from

Answer 7

sequential activation of tissue specific genes

Question 8

morphogenesis

Answer 8

the development of the form of an organism and its structures

Question 9

what does a program of differenetnail gene expression lead to

Answer 9

different cell types in a multicellular organism

Question 10

what do phsyicsal processes that give an orgaism its shape constitute

Answer 10

morphogenesis

Question 11

where do cytoplasmic determinatnts come from

Answer 11

the mother

Question 12

cytoplasmic determinants

Answer 12

maternal substances, such as protein or mRNA, that when placed into an egg infleunces the course of early development by regukating expression of genes that affect developmental fate of cells

Question 13

induction

Answer 13

cells from one area of the embryo infleunce another area via signals that affect gene expression

Question 14

label each part

Answer 14

arrow s signal stransduction pathway
-keyhole is signal receptor
-little bals are the signaling molcule (inducer)

Question 15

what are cells in the lowest tier of cells releasing

Answer 15

signaling molecules to nearby cells that change their gene expressopm

Question 16

model organism

Answer 16

something you can use to in al lab that is similar to humans genetically and easy to observe to study things applicable to human.

Question 17

embryogenesis

Answer 17

formation and development of the embryo

Question 18

pattern formation

Answer 18

development of spatial organiszation of tissues and organs

Question 19

positional information

Answer 19

molecular cues that control pattern formation are provided by cytoplasmic determinants and inductive signals

Question 20

what does pattern formation begin with

Answer 20

establishment of major axis

Question 21

label each axes

Answer 21

-up is dorsal
-down is ventral
-left is anterior
-right is posterior
-right diagonal is right
-left diagonal is left

Question 22

anterior posterior axis

Answer 22

1. axis extends from head (anterior) to tail (posterior) of the embryo

Question 23

dorsal ventral axis

Answer 23

extends from back (dorsal) to the belly (ventral) of embryo

Question 24

left right axis

Answer 24

refers to the symmetry along the left and right sides of the embryo

Question 25

maternal effect gene

Answer 25

a gene that when a mutant in the mother results in a mutants phentotype in the offpsinrg regardless of the offsprings genotype

Question 26

bicoid is a

Answer 26

morphogen that determines head structures

Question 27

example of morphogen

Answer 27

protein

Question 28

morphogen

Answer 28

provides positional info

Question 29

how is bicoid protein distributed

Answer 29

in an anterior to posterior gtadient in early embryo in the wild type for

Question 30

what does locaiton of mRNA in mothers egg determines

Answer 30

where proteins are located in embryo