Module 2C Flashcards
monomer
repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer
what forms when monomers combine and how
polymers because of polymerization
polymer
long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds
what are lipids made of
fatty acids
what are carbohydtraes a source of
energy and provide structural support
what are the structures of the four important classes of biological macromolecules
carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids
function of proteins
catalyzing reactions and transporting substances into and out of cells
nucleic acid function
store genetic info and function in gene expression
what do lipids not mix well with
water
key functions of lipids
providing energy, making up cell membranes, and acting as hormones
polymerization
monomers are linked through condensation reactions during which a small molecule is released by enzymes
what do dehydration reactions synthesize
carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids
dehydration reaction
two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule (hydroxyl group from monomer and H from a polymer)
depolymerization
breakdown of polymers into monomers driven by enzy,es
hydrolysis
reverse of dehydration reaction
what is hydrolysis important for
digestion
why does depolymerization occur
because of hydrolysis
proteins are one or more
polypeptides (polymer of amino acids) that have folded into specific shapes
what provides diversity of proteins
sequence of amino acids
defensive proetins
antibodies
storage proetins
amino acid source (casein)
transport proteins
bind and carry non-polar molecules throughout blood
hormones
insulin
what are the motor proteins
actin and myosin
what are the structural proteins
keratin and collagen
polypedtides are polymers built from a set of monomers made up of
20 different amino acids
what are amino acids
organic molecules with carboxyl and amino groups
how do amino acids differ in their properties
due to various chemical processes of their side chains or R groups
peptides are a certain type of
bond
non-polar amino acids have
R groups rich in methyl or ring structures
poalr uncharged amino acids have
one or more -OH, SH, NH2, or combination of these
electrically charged amino acids have
carboxyl - COOH or NH3 in R and full charge
acidic amino acids are
negatively charged with carboxyls
basic amino acids are
+ charge with NH3 or N-containing rings
how do nonpolar bonds share electrons
equally
ionic bond
formed from the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
how are amino acids linked
by covalent peptide bonds
