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Biology 242- Genomes and Evolution > final exam study guide > Flashcards

final exam study guide Flashcards

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1
Q

disruptive selection

A

favors individuals at both extremes of phenotypic range

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2
Q

directional selection

A

favors individuals at one extreme end of the phenotypic range

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3
Q

stabilizing selection

A

favors intermediate variants and acts against extreme phenotypes

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4
Q

characteristics of asexual reproduction

A

-no single parent
-no fusion of gametes
-usually offspring are genetically identical

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5
Q

strategies of asexual reproduction

A

-binary fission
-budding
-clonal fragmentation

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6
Q

clone

A

A group of genetically identical individuals or cells.

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7
Q

sexual reproduction is

A

reproduction arising from fusion of gametes and allows individuals to combine subsets of their genome with other inviduals

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8
Q

why use both asexual and sexual reproduction

A

because of the environmental stability: asexual reproduction is advantageous in stable environments and sexual is advantageous in unstable environments

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9
Q

what is the connection between genotype, phenotype and evoution of species

A

phenotype was the phsyical characteristic of genotype. The phenotype is not necessarily passed down while genotype are heritable traits that drive evolution via natural selection

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10
Q

sources of genetic variation are….

A

new genes and allles can arise by mutation or gene duplication. Sexual reproduction can add to genetic variation among individuals by recombining existing alleles.

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11
Q

which mutations are passed to offspring

A

only mutations occuring in gametes

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12
Q

what can extend genome length

A

duplication of genes due to errors in meiosis

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13
Q

where does most genetic variation come from with sexual reproduction

A

from recombination of alleles

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14
Q

three mechanisms that can shuffle exciting alleles into new combinations are

A

-crossing over
-independent assortment
-random fertilization

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15
Q

can individuals evolve

A

no, only populations

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16
Q

what is evolution at its finest level

A

a change in allele frequencies in a population over generations

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17
Q

what are the three main mechanisms that cause allele frequency change

A

-natural selection
-genetic drift
-gene flow

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18
Q

adaptive evolution

A

traits that increase fitness overtime

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19
Q

what is the only thing that causes adaptive evolution

A

only natural selevction

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20
Q

Natural selection

A

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.

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21
Q

Genetic drift

A

A process in which chance events cause unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation to the next. Effects of genetic drift are most pronounced in small populations.

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22
Q

Gene flow

A

The transfer of alleles from one population to another, resulting from the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes.

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23
Q

what are mechanisms of genetic drift

A

-founder effect
-bottleneck effect

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24
Q

does geentic drift have to be associated with a natural disaster

A

no

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25
Q

How is natural selection more “predictable” than genetic drift?

A

in that it alters allele frequencies in a nonrandom way: It tends to increase the frequency of alleles that increase the organism’s reproductive success in its environment and decrease the frequency of alleles that decrease the organism’s reproductive success.

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26
Q

what does gene flow tend to do with variation

A

tends to reduce variation between popualtions and increase variation within a popualtion

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27
Q

natural selection results in…

A

alleles being passed to next generation in proportions that differ from those in the present generation in a nonrandom way

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28
Q

Why is natural selection the only mechanism that consistently leads to adaptive evolution in a population

A

Although both gene flow and genetic drift can increase the frequency of advantageous alleles in a population, they can also decrease the frequency of advantageous alleles or increase the frequency of harmful alleles. Only natural selection consistently results in an increase in the frequency of alleles that enhance survival or reproduction. Thus, natural selection is the only mechanism that consistently leads to adaptive evolution.

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29
Q

what are the three general modes of natural selecrion that affect quantitative trait/character

A

-direcional selection
-disruptive selection
-stabilizing selection

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30
Q

what mode of natural selection is this

A

stabilizing

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31
Q

what mode of atural selection is this

A

disruptive

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32
Q

what mode of natural selection is this

A

directional

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33
Q

Quantitative trait/character

A

A heritable feature that varies continuously over a range rather than in an either-or fashion

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34
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

marked differences between the sexes in secondary sexual characteristics

35
Q

example of sexual dimporphism

A

elephant seal

36
Q

which is usually the showier sex

A

males

37
Q

intrasexual selection

A

competition among individuals of one sex (usually males) for mates of the opposite sex

38
Q

Intersexual selection (aka mate choice)

A

individuals of one sex (usually females) are choosy in selection of mates

39
Q

what does intersexual selection depend on

A

showiness of males behavior/appearnce

40
Q

what are the reasons why natural selection cannot fashion perfect orgaisms

A
  1. selection can act only on existing variations
  2. evolution is limted by historical constraints
    3.adaptations are often compromied
    4.chance, natural selection, and the environmnet interact
41
Q

how will a population’s allele and genotype frequecnues reain if no evolutionary force acts upon them

A

constant

42
Q

what doe sthe hardy weinberg equilibrium serve as

A

a baseline for comparison to data collected from a population

43
Q

if there is no difference in data collected then

A

the population is not evolvingif

44
Q

if there is a difference with data collected

A

then the poulation is evolving

45
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

A

the state of a population in which frequencies of alleles and genotypes remain constant from generation to generation

46
Q

what are the five conditions that need to be met if a population is not evolving

A
  1. no mutations
  2. random mating
    3.no natural selection
    4extremely large population size
  3. no gene flow
47
Q

whne is the gene pool modified

A

if mutaitons occur or if the entire gnees are deleted or duplicated

48
Q

how do allele frequecnies fluncuate with small populations

A

allele frequencies fluncutae by chance over time (a process called genetici dirft)

49
Q

p with hardy weinberg equation is

A

dominant allele frequency

50
Q

q with hardy weinberg equation is

A

recessive allele frequency

51
Q

p^2 with hardy weinberg equation is

A

homozygous dominat (CC)

52
Q

2pq

A

heterozygous (Cc)

53
Q

q^2

A

homozygous recessive (cc)

54
Q

what is a specied (macroorganisms)

A

group of orgaisms that produce viabe, fertile offosroing under natural conditions

55
Q

reprodutcive isolation

A

barriers that prevent memevers of two species from producing viable offspring

56
Q

what is a species (microorganism)

A

genetically related enough (defined threshold) and fulfill same ecolofical roles

57
Q

how can speciation take place

A

with or without geographic isolation

58
Q

allopatric speciation

A

a popualtion forms a new species while geographica.y siolated from its parent population

59
Q

traits of allopatric speciation

A

-areas with divided barriers have more species (island chain)
-does not have to be a physical wall/barrier

60
Q

sympatric specaition is

A

a subset of a population forms a new species without geographic isolation

61
Q

sympatric isolation charcateristcs

A

-less common
-driven by sexual selection ot utilization of a different food or habitat

62
Q

how long does it take for annew species to evolve ad how many genes influence formaiton of new species

A

highly variabe but on average takes millions of years (much shorter for microbes because of fast geneeration time)

63
Q

how many genes doe sit take to result in reproductive isoaltion

A

one, many (eough to cause reproductive isolation)

64
Q

what is ecolofy

A

study of the interaction between oragnisms and their environment

65
Q

what elemnts do environments include

A

biotic and abiotic

66
Q

What is the relationship between Ecology and Evolution?

A

While ecology observes the interactions between organisms and their environment in the present, evolution explains how those interactions have developed over time and continue to change. Both fields are crucial for understanding the complex dynamics of life on Earth.

67
Q

wha are the interspecific interactions and what can they lead to

A

-predation
-competition
-symbiosis
can lead to coevolution

68
Q

what can competition lead to

A

competitive exlcusion

69
Q

Competitive exclusion

A

when populations of two similar species compete for the same limited resources, one population will use the resources more efficiently and have a reproductive advantage that will eventually lead to the elimination of the other population

70
Q

Can a species’ ecological niche be influenced by competition?

A

yes

71
Q

Ecological niche

A

the specific set of biotic and abiotic resources that an organism uses in its environment

72
Q

Fundamental niche

A

what can be used

73
Q

Realized niche

A

what is used in nature

74
Q

given ebough time what can compeition sometimes lead to

A

resource partititoining and species coexistsence

75
Q

character displacemnt

A

The tendency for characteristics to be more divergent in sympatric populations of two species than in allopatric populations of the same two species; the evolutionary divergence in characteristics (morphological, behavioral, or ecological) of two species that are in contact, compared to when these species are isolated

76
Q

Resource partitioning

A

the division of environmental resources by coexisting species

77
Q

how does resource partitioning differ from charcerter displacemnt and how are they related

A

-resource partitiioning is ecological strat that allows species to coexist by using shared resources in diff ways
-charcter displacemnet is evolutionary response to comp leading to divergence in traist when species are in contact

78
Q

what does resource partitioning lead to

A

cgarcater displacement

79
Q

what causes adaptive radiation

A

ecological opportuntiy and key innovation

80
Q

what is ecological opportuntiy

A

-invasion of unutilized ecological resouces leads to rapid diversificaiton

81
Q

example of ecological opportunity

A

colonizing a remote island, surviving a mass extcintion

82
Q

what is key innovation

A

acquisiting of a novel adaptive trait that allows orgabisms to exploit previsoulty unavailable ecological resources

83
Q

example of key innovation

A

mammals developing molars to help them digest food

84
Q

can extinction and adaptive radiion be connected

A

yes, mass exntinction can mark the end of an era and the rise of a new one due to the openended ecological niches which drive adpative radiaiton

Biology 242- Genomes and Evolution (35 decks)

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