Module 3A and some 3B

Question 1

what is coat color determined by

Answer 1

two pigments eumalanin (dark) and pheomelanin (light)

Question 2

syntheis of pigments is controlled by which gene

Answer 2

Mc1r gene

Question 3

wildtype produces which type of melanin more

Answer 3

pheomelanin (light)

Question 4

mutant produces which time of melanin more

Answer 4

eumelanin (dark)

Question 5

where is the receptor of Mc1r gene embedded

Answer 5

in the membrane of meloncytes

Question 6

what is triggered by the bindg of alpha MSH and Mc1r

Answer 6

eumelanin

Question 7

what is produced by the absence of alpha MSH binding

Answer 7

phaeomelanin

Question 8

what are mutations a source of

Answer 8

genetic variation

Question 9

For dark and light pigment phenotypes how do the proteins differ

Answer 9

protein for brown pigment: enzyme required for pigment synthesis
protein for no pigment: enzyme required for pigment synthesis does not work

Question 10

what is a gene

Answer 10

nucleotide sequence that codes for the primary strcture of a specific polypeptide

Question 11

central dogma

Answer 11

process in which the genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to make functional product protein

Question 12

Dogma

Answer 12

principles or rules that facilitate phenomenons

Question 13

proteins _____ traits while DNA _____ proteins

Answer 13

produces; encodes

Question 14

replication

Answer 14

synthesis of a new DNA strand

Question 15

transcription

Answer 15

syntheis of RNA using information from DNA; information is transcribed or rewritten from DNA to a complimentary strand of RNA (mRNA)

Question 16

mRNA

Answer 16

carries a genetic message from DNA to the ribosome

Question 17

ribosome

Answer 17

protein syntheisizing machinery of the cell

Question 18

translation

Answer 18

syntheis of a polypeptide using infor from the mRNA; carried out by ribosome

Question 19

codon

Answer 19

mRNA nucleotide triples (UGG - > tryptophan

Question 20

start codon

Answer 20

first codon of an mRNA trascript translated by a ribosome

Question 21

mutation

Answer 21

change in the nucleotide sequence of an organisms DNA or a virus’s RNA

Question 22

silent mutations

Answer 22

have no effect on the amino acid encoded because of the redundancy in the genetic code

Question 23

missense mutations

Answer 23

still code for an amino acid, but not the correct amino acid

Question 24

nonsense mutations

Answer 24

change in amino acid codon into a stop codon nearly always leading to a nonfunctional protein

Question 25

insertion

Answer 25

adding protein

Question 26

substitution

Answer 26

exhanging proteins

Question 27

deletion

Answer 27

getting rid of protein

Question 28

why do insertions and deletions have a greater effect than substitution

Answer 28

due to downstream consequences

Question 29

transcription and translation are compartmentalized in eukaryotic cells but not in

Answer 29

prokaryotes

Question 30

what represents the first stage of gene expression

Answer 30

transcription

Question 31

RNA polymerase

Answer 31

catalyzes RNA synthesis

Question 32

What is the newly made RNA complementary to

Answer 32

DNA template strand

Question 33

what is stage one of transcription

Answer 33

initiation: RNA polymerase unwinds and initiates RNA synthesis

Question 34

promoter

Answer 34

specific nucleotide sequence of a gene that binds RNA polymerase. helps position the start point of transcription

Question 35

what does a eukaryotic promoter include

Answer 35

TATA box

Question 36

stage 2 of trasncription

Answer 36

Elongation: after RNA polymerase binds to the promoter, it unwinds a short segment of DNA (transcription bubble) and starts forming the RNA transcript

Question 37

what may insertions and deletions lead to

Answer 37

frameshift mutations: lead to nonfunctional proteins unless frameshift is near the end of the gene

Question 38

frameshift mutation

Answer 38

mutation occurring when nucleotides are inserted in or deleted from a gene and the number inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three, resulting in the improper grouping of the subsequent nucleotides into codons

Question 39

stage three of transcription

Answer 39

termination: transcription continues until RNA polymerase reaches a termination signal in the DNA sequence which releases the RNA polymerase and newly synthesized RNA