Module 2 Ch2,4,5,16 Flashcards
blending inheritance
offspring inherit an average of the parent’s traits
-popular theory during the 1800s
particulate inheritance
hereditary elements are passed on its discrete units rather than “blended” together at each new generation
-true to our theory today
pangesis
the idea that “gemmules” derived from all parts of the body hold information regarding specific traits
discrete traits
maintain a distinct phenotype
monogenetic
controlled by 1 gene
quantitative traits
have a phenotypic range
polygenetic
controlled by multiple genes
what do regulatory genes control
expression of a protein and therefore the amount of the protein
discrete traits
those which maintain a distinct phenotype
true breeding
an organism that always passes down certain phenotypic traits to its offspring of many generations
gene
unit of inheritance
allele
alternate form of a gene, each parent cell has two alleles, they segregate during gamete formation. the offspring inherits one allele from each parent (determines appearence)
locus
location of a gene on a chromosome
chromosome
structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most cells; carrier of genetic information
homozygous
having two identical alleles for a specific gene
heterozygous
having two non identical alleles for a specific gene
dominace
one allele masks the phenotype (appearance) of another
recessive allele
an allele with a phenotypic effect that is not seen in the heterozygote
co-dominance
phenotype of both alleles exhibited in the heterozygote
incomplete dominance
the phenotype of the heterozygote is intermediate compared to the phenotype of the homozygotes
valence electrons
outer electrons
valence shell
outermost electron shell
covalent bond
sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms
hydrocarbons
organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen
isomers
variation in architecture of organic molecules
structural isomers
differ in covalent arrangements of their atoms
ATP
source of energy for use and storage at cellular level
virus
little more than DNA (or sometimes RNA) enclosed by a protective coat which is often simply protein
electronegatvitity
tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards itself
what does the difference between oxygen and hydrogen atoms in a water molecule create
polar covalent bonds
sharing of a pair of valence elctrons by two atoms rsults in
covalent bond
number of colvanet bonds formed by an atom depends on the number of
valence electrons it has
what does the electron configuration of carbon allow it to do with different atoms
covalently bond
properties of carbon containing molecule depends on the arrgangemnt of its
carbon skeleton and on its chemical group
macromoleucle
molecule containing a large number of atoms such as protein or nucleic acid
when atoms form covelanet bonds do they share electrons equally
no
hydrogen bond
weak bond formed between slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule or region of the same molecule
Functional groups
the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions
Doble bond
a covalent bond between 2 atoms involving 4 bonding electrons instead of two in a single bond
covalent bonding is a very ____ type of bond
strong; more stable
how many bonds can carbon form
four
is carbon versitile
yes
partially negative charge due to
higher electronegativity and electrons are spending more time around O
Partially positive charge due to
lower electronegativity and electrons spending less time around H
why does electronegativity decrease with size
because electrons being further from nucleus leading to weaker attraction for electrons
