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Biology 242- Genomes and Evolution > 4c slides > Flashcards

4c slides Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a peptidoglycan

A

a polymer in bacterial cell walls consisting of sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides

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2
Q

is a nuclear envelope present in bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

A

-absent
-absent
-present

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3
Q

is membrane-enclosed organelles present in bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

A

-absent
-absent
-present

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4
Q

is peptidoglycan in cell wall present in bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

A

-present
-absent
-absent

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5
Q

how are membrane lipids branched in bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

A

-unbranched hydrocarbons
-some branched hydrocarbons
-unbranched hydrocarbons

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6
Q

amino acid that imitates protein synthesis in bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

A

formlymethionine
-methionine
-methionine

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7
Q

are histones present in bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

A

-absent
-present in some species
-present

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8
Q

chromosome shape in bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

A

-single, circular chromosome
-single circular chromosome and some species also have linear chromosomes
-linear chromosomes

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9
Q

what type of lifestyle do archaea live

A

extreme lifestyles and methanogenesis, they can survive extreme temps and extreme salinities

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10
Q

halo is

A

salt

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11
Q

thermo is

A

heat

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12
Q

longest part of the life cycle for a cell

A

interphase; up to 90% of life cycle

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13
Q

what is cell doing during interphase

A

its particular function

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14
Q

what are duplicated during interphase

A

chromosomes; replication

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15
Q

interphase

A

the cell grows; in preparation for cell division, the chromosome are duplicated with the genetic material (DNA) copied precisely

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16
Q

what process occurs in mitosis

A

process of nuclear (nucleus) division in eukaryotic cellsm

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17
Q

mitosis

A

the chromosome copies are separated from each other and moved to opposite ends of the cell

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18
Q

what organelle divides during cytokinesis, what does it form

A

division of cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells immediately after mitosis

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19
Q

cytokinesis

A

the cell divides into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and to the parent cell

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20
Q

is the cell diploid or haploid before s phase of interphase

A

diploid

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21
Q

what does interphase invlude

A

cell growth and copying of chromosomes in preperation of cell division.

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22
Q

what are the subphases of interphase

A

G1 (gap 1), s (synthesis), G2

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23
Q

G1 phase =

A

metabolic activity and growth

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24
Q

s phase

A

metabolic activity, growth, and DNA synthesis

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25
Q

G2 phase

A

metabolic activity, growth, and preparation for cell division

26
Q

what is the only phase of interphase chromosomes are duplicated

A

S phase

27
Q

what consist of the mitotic (M) phase

A

mitosis and cytokinesis

28
Q

what is the continuit of life based on

A

the reproduction of cells or cell division

29
Q

what is cell division an integral part of

A

the cell cycle

30
Q

cell cycyle

A

the life of a cell from formation to its own division

31
Q

in unicellular organisms, division of one cell reproduces the ______ ___________

A

entire organism

32
Q

what do multicellular organisms depend on cell division for

A

growth and repair

33
Q

cell division is an integral part of the

A

cell cycle

34
Q

what gives rise to new blood cells

A

dividing bone marrow cells

35
Q

mitosis

A

cell division that results in diploid daughter cells with identical DNA

36
Q

meiosis

A

a special type of division that produces haploid non-identical daughter cells (gametes)

37
Q

diploid

A

cell containing 2 sets of chromosomes, one set from each parent

38
Q

haploid

A

cell containing one set of chromosomes

39
Q

gametes

A

haploid reproductive cell such as an egg or sperm

40
Q

when do gametes unite and what does it produce

A

unites during sexual reproduction to produce diploid zygote

41
Q

haploid has ____ copy of each chromosome

A

one

42
Q

what type of cells are gametes

A

haploid

43
Q

what type of cell are diploids

A

somatic cells

44
Q

what does all the DNA in a cell constitute

A

the cell’s genome

45
Q

DNA molecules in a cell are packaged into what

A

chromosomes

46
Q

chromosome

A

a structure consiting of 1 DNA molceule and associated proteins (histone)

47
Q

what type of structure do histone proteins give chromosomes

A

condesned

48
Q

genome

A

all of the genetic material in an organism

49
Q

most prokaryote structure

A

-double-stranded, circular DNA molecule associated with a small amount of protein

50
Q

eukaryote structure

A

linear DNA molecules associated with a large amount of protein (histones)

51
Q

what is a histone

A

a protein that provides structural support for a chromosome

52
Q

in the eukaryotic cell, DNA is precisely combined with proteins in a complex called

A

chromatin

53
Q

what do chromosomes fit into

A

the nucleus through an elaborate, multilevel system of packing

54
Q

what are proteins called histones responsible for

A

first level of packing in chromatin

55
Q

chromatid

A

one half of a duplicated chromosome.

56
Q

what surface charge does DNA have

A

negative

57
Q

what charge do histones have, what are they rich in

A

positive, rich in basic amino acids

58
Q

what is chromatin primarily composed of

A

DNA and proteins

59
Q

how many chromsoomes do human somatic cells contain

A

46 chromosomes made of 2 sets of 23 from each parents

60
Q

gametes have how many chromosomes

A

one set of 23 chromosomes

61
Q

euchromatin

A

loosely packed chromatin

62
Q

karyotype

A

a constructed array of chromosomes in an organism

Biology 242- Genomes and Evolution (35 decks)

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