5b slides

Question 1

why are inducible operons associated with catabolic pathways

Answer 1

only need to be induced when molecules that gets brokwn down is actually present, otherwisw it would not be energetically effieicent

Question 2

lactose metabolism

Answer 2

breaking down lactose into simple sugars

Question 3

why is gene reglation important in multicellular organisms

Answer 3

respond to environmental and cellular signals

Question 4

what is essential for cellular differentiation

Answer 4

different tissues

Question 5

tissues

Answer 5

groups of similar cells that act as a functional unit

Question 6

what do all the cells within an orgabism contain

Answer 6

identical genomes

Question 7

what do diffrences between cell types result from

Answer 7

differential gene expression

Question 8

differential gene expression

Answer 8

expression of different sets of genes by cells with the same genome

Question 9

if you were to extract DNA, mRNA expression (transcripts) and proteins from multiple cell types, how would they differ

Answer 9

DNA EXTRACTION WOULD BE IDENTICAL BETWEEN CELL TYPES, BUT PROTEIN EXTRACTION AND RNA EXPRESSION WOULD BE DIFFERENT

Question 10

in all organisms, gene expression is commony controlled at

Answer 10

trancription

Question 11

during which steps can gene expression be regulated in eukartotes

Answer 11

chromatin modification and transcription

Question 12

what are the stages of gene expression

Answer 12

1. chromatin modification
2. transcription
3. RNA processing
4. transport to cytoplasm
5. translation
6. prtein processing
7. transport to cellular destination
8. degradation of protein

Question 13

chromatin modication

Answer 13

DNA unpacking/packing can make the DNA available/unavailable to be bound by RNA polymerase and transcription factors

Question 14

transcription step in gene expression stage

Answer 14

signals that upregulate/downregulate transcription

Question 15

RNA processing step in gene expression stage

Answer 15

steps of processing can be regulated

Question 16

transport to cytoplasm step in gene expression stage

Answer 16

mRNA must exit nucelar membrane to each ribosome, this extiing can be regulated

Question 17

translation step in gene expression stage

Answer 17

where protein is synthesized

Question 18

protein processing step in gene expression stage

Answer 18

post translational protein modiciation is the final step in making a fully functional protein

Question 19

transport to cellular destination step in gene expression stage

Answer 19

extracellular, transmembrane, intracellular

Question 20

final step in gene expression stage

Answer 20

degradation of protein and mRNA in cytoplasm

Question 21

How does chromatin modification regulate gene expression?

Answer 21

Gene regulation controls when and how much a gene is expressed. Chromatin regulation and DNA methylation are two ways to regulate genes. Chromatin regulation involves histone modifications, while DNA methylation adds methyl groups. Both are examples of epigenetic regulation and are crucial for proper cell function.

Question 22

how are genes with highly packed heterochromatin usually expressed

Answer 22

they are not usually expressed

Question 23

heterochromatin

Answer 23

eularyotic chromatin that remains highly compacted during interphase and is generally not transcribed

Question 24

euchromatin

Answer 24

less condensed form of eukaryotic chromatin that is available for transcription

Question 25

what do chemical modifications to histones and DNA chromatin influence

Answer 25

both chromatin strucre and gene expression

Question 26

histone acetylation

Answer 26

addition of an acetyl group to histone tail amino acids opens up chromatin and promotes transcription

Question 27

what do addition of methyl groups condensing chromatin inhibit

Answer 27

transcription

Question 28

what can methylation of DNA lead to

Answer 28

gene silencing

Question 29

gene silencing

Answer 29

(turning off a gene) regulation of gene expression in a cell to prevent the expression of a certain gene

Question 30

how does regulating transcription affect gene expression

Answer 30

as in bacteria the regaultion of transcription initiation in eukaryotes involves prteins thta bind to DNA and either faciliatte or inhibit binding of RNA polymerase

Question 31

control elements

Answer 31

egements of non coding DNA that serves as binding sites for transcription factors

Question 32

distal control elements are further from the

Answer 32

promoter and include enhancers

Question 33

proximal contorl elements are closer to the

Answer 33

promoter

Question 34

exons

Answer 34

expressed sequences that encode a protein

Question 35

introns

Answer 35

intervening sequences that get removed and do not encode a proteintr

Question 36

transcription factors

Answer 36

proteins that promote transcription

Question 37

what is the purpose of intrond

Answer 37

introns are used to be considered as junk but new research show sthet have roles in evolution and gene regulation. they contain regulatort elements that infleunce gene expressions such as enhancers and silencers

Question 38

poly a tail

Answer 38

added to the 3’ end of the transcript

Question 39

GTP cap added to the

Answer 39

5’ end of transcript