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Biology 242- Genomes and Evolution > 5b slides > Flashcards

5b slides Flashcards

1
Q

why are inducible operons associated with catabolic pathways

A

only need to be induced when molecules that gets brokwn down is actually present, otherwisw it would not be energetically effieicent

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2
Q

lactose metabolism

A

breaking down lactose into simple sugars

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3
Q

why is gene reglation important in multicellular organisms

A

respond to environmental and cellular signals

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4
Q

what is essential for cellular differentiation

A

different tissues

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5
Q

tissues

A

groups of similar cells that act as a functional unit

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6
Q

what do all the cells within an orgabism contain

A

identical genomes

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7
Q

what do diffrences between cell types result from

A

differential gene expression

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8
Q

differential gene expression

A

expression of different sets of genes by cells with the same genome

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9
Q

if you were to extract DNA, mRNA expression (transcripts) and proteins from multiple cell types, how would they differ

A

DNA EXTRACTION WOULD BE IDENTICAL BETWEEN CELL TYPES, BUT PROTEIN EXTRACTION AND RNA EXPRESSION WOULD BE DIFFERENT

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10
Q

in all organisms, gene expression is commony controlled at

A

trancription

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11
Q

during which steps can gene expression be regulated in eukartotes

A

chromatin modification and transcription

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12
Q

what are the stages of gene expression

A
  1. chromatin modification
  2. transcription
  3. RNA processing
  4. transport to cytoplasm
  5. translation
  6. prtein processing
  7. transport to cellular destination
  8. degradation of protein
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13
Q

chromatin modication

A

DNA unpacking/packing can make the DNA available/unavailable to be bound by RNA polymerase and transcription factors

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14
Q

transcription step in gene expression stage

A

signals that upregulate/downregulate transcription

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15
Q

RNA processing step in gene expression stage

A

steps of processing can be regulated

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16
Q

transport to cytoplasm step in gene expression stage

A

mRNA must exit nucelar membrane to each ribosome, this extiing can be regulated

17
Q

translation step in gene expression stage

A

where protein is synthesized

18
Q

protein processing step in gene expression stage

A

post translational protein modiciation is the final step in making a fully functional protein

19
Q

transport to cellular destination step in gene expression stage

A

extracellular, transmembrane, intracellular

20
Q

final step in gene expression stage

A

degradation of protein and mRNA in cytoplasm

21
Q

How does chromatin modification regulate gene expression?

A

Gene regulation controls when and how much a gene is expressed. Chromatin regulation and DNA methylation are two ways to regulate genes. Chromatin regulation involves histone modifications, while DNA methylation adds methyl groups. Both are examples of epigenetic regulation and are crucial for proper cell function.

22
Q

how are genes with highly packed heterochromatin usually expressed

A

they are not usually expressed

23
Q

heterochromatin

A

eularyotic chromatin that remains highly compacted during interphase and is generally not transcribed

24
Q

euchromatin

A

less condensed form of eukaryotic chromatin that is available for transcription

25
Q

what do chemical modifications to histones and DNA chromatin influence

A

both chromatin strucre and gene expression

26
Q

histone acetylation

A

addition of an acetyl group to histone tail amino acids opens up chromatin and promotes transcription

27
Q

what do addition of methyl groups condensing chromatin inhibit

A

transcription

28
Q

what can methylation of DNA lead to

A

gene silencing

29
Q

gene silencing

A

(turning off a gene) regulation of gene expression in a cell to prevent the expression of a certain gene

30
Q

how does regulating transcription affect gene expression

A

as in bacteria the regaultion of transcription initiation in eukaryotes involves prteins thta bind to DNA and either faciliatte or inhibit binding of RNA polymerase

31
Q

control elements

A

egements of non coding DNA that serves as binding sites for transcription factors

32
Q

distal control elements are further from the

A

promoter and include enhancers

33
Q

proximal contorl elements are closer to the

A

promoter

34
Q

exons

A

expressed sequences that encode a protein

35
Q

introns

A

intervening sequences that get removed and do not encode a proteintr

36
Q

transcription factors

A

proteins that promote transcription

37
Q

what is the purpose of intrond

A

introns are used to be considered as junk but new research show sthet have roles in evolution and gene regulation. they contain regulatort elements that infleunce gene expressions such as enhancers and silencers

38
Q

poly a tail

A

added to the 3’ end of the transcript

39
Q

GTP cap added to the

A

5’ end of transcript

Biology 242- Genomes and Evolution (35 decks)

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