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Biology 242- Genomes and Evolution > 4d slides > Flashcards

4d slides Flashcards

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1
Q

what does interphase include

A

cell growth and copying of chromosomes in preparation for cell division

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2
Q

what subphases can interphase be divided into

A

G1 (Gap 1), S (synthesis), G2

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3
Q

during which phase are chromosomes duplicated

A

only during S phase

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4
Q

mitosis produce what

A

cell division that results in diploid daughter cells with identical genetic information, DNA

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5
Q

meiosis produces what

A

a special type of division that produces haploid non identical daughter cells (gametes)

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6
Q

G2 interphase

A

Chromosomes are uncondensed and have just duplicated in S phase

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7
Q

prophase

A

Chromosomes condense and consist of two sister chromatids; mitotic spindle which consists of centrosomes and microtubules begins to form and centrosomes move away from each other

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8
Q

prometaphase

A

chromosomes condense further

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9
Q

metaphase

A

centrosomes at opposite poles of the cell; chromosomes arrive at metaphase plate

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10
Q

anaphase

A

Sister chromatids are split and become independent chromosomes; chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the cell; two ends of the cell will have identical collections of chromosomes

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11
Q

telophase

A

2 daughter nuclei form in cell; the nuclear envelope arises from fragments of parent cell nuclear envelope and endomembrane system

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12
Q

cytokinesis

A

division of cytoplasm

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13
Q

which phases are often shown together

A

telophase and cytokinesis

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14
Q

what is gene expression

A

transcription and translation

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15
Q

why does almost all gene expression stop during mitosis?

A

The DNA is condensed and not available to cellular machinery to carry out gene expression.

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16
Q

what does stopping gene expression present

A

interference with mitosis and helps ensure accurate segregation of genetic material to daughter cells

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17
Q

what happens to chromosomes in G2 of interphase

A

chromosomes are uncondensed and have just duplicated in S phase

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18
Q

in animal cells, cytokines occurs by a process known as what and what does it form

A

cleavage forming a cleavage furrow

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19
Q

in plant cells what forms during cytokinesis

A

cell plate

20
Q

cleavage

A

cytokinesis in animal cells characterized by pinching of the membrane

21
Q

cleavage furrow

A

shallow groove in the cell surface near old metaphase plate

22
Q

cell plate

A

membrane bounded, flattened ac in the middle of a dividing plant cell, inside which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis

23
Q

binary fission

A

asexual reproduction in unicellular organisms where cells grow to double their size and then divide

24
Q

mitosis is involved in unicellular ________ but not in ________

A

eukaryotes; prokaryotes

25
Q

what type of DNA do bacteria have

A

single circular DNA molecule

26
Q

what did mitosis evolve from

A

binary fission

27
Q

how is the eukaryotic cell cycle regulated

A

by signaling molecules

28
Q

cell cycle control system

A

clinically operating set of molecules in eukaryotic cells that triggers and coordinates events in the cell cycle

29
Q

what can checkpoint signals include

A

growth factors

30
Q

growth factor

A

protein that stimulates other cells to divide

31
Q

anchorage dependesnce

A

for most anmals cells to divide, the cells must be attached to something (in animal cells)

32
Q

density of dependent inhibition

A

crowded cells stop growing (terminates division)

33
Q

biding of surface protein between cells sends a signal to inhibit what

A

cell division

34
Q

what do cancer cells not exhbiti

A

density dependent inhibition nor must they be attached to a substrate

35
Q

what do cancer cells not hede

A

normal signals that reglate cell cycyle

36
Q

what can cancer cells grow without

A

growth factors

37
Q

are sister chromatids identical

A

yes

38
Q

homologous chromosomes compared to sister chromatds

A

homologous chromosomes are similar but not exact copies like sister chromatids

39
Q

what is chromatin composed of

A

DNA wrapped around by histone proteins

40
Q

what level of protein structure is directly affected by a missense mutation

A

primary

41
Q

what does a nonsense mutation terminate

A

translation

42
Q

translation

A

synthesis of protein based on a codon

43
Q

anaphase

A

sister chromatids are being pulled away from each other

44
Q

can eukaryotes be unicellular

A

yes

45
Q

are majority of eukaryotes unicellular

A

yes

46
Q

why dont prokaryotes have mitochondria

A

because they do not have membrane bound organelles

Biology 242- Genomes and Evolution (35 decks)

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