4d slides

Question 1

what does interphase include

Answer 1

cell growth and copying of chromosomes in preparation for cell division

Question 2

what subphases can interphase be divided into

Answer 2

G1 (Gap 1), S (synthesis), G2

Question 3

during which phase are chromosomes duplicated

Answer 3

only during S phase

Question 4

mitosis produce what

Answer 4

cell division that results in diploid daughter cells with identical genetic information, DNA

Question 5

meiosis produces what

Answer 5

a special type of division that produces haploid non identical daughter cells (gametes)

Question 6

G2 interphase

Answer 6

Chromosomes are uncondensed and have just duplicated in S phase

Question 7

prophase

Answer 7

Chromosomes condense and consist of two sister chromatids; mitotic spindle which consists of centrosomes and microtubules begins to form and centrosomes move away from each other

Question 8

prometaphase

Answer 8

chromosomes condense further

Question 9

metaphase

Answer 9

centrosomes at opposite poles of the cell; chromosomes arrive at metaphase plate

Question 10

anaphase

Answer 10

Sister chromatids are split and become independent chromosomes; chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the cell; two ends of the cell will have identical collections of chromosomes

Question 11

telophase

Answer 11

2 daughter nuclei form in cell; the nuclear envelope arises from fragments of parent cell nuclear envelope and endomembrane system

Question 12

cytokinesis

Answer 12

division of cytoplasm

Question 13

which phases are often shown together

Answer 13

telophase and cytokinesis

Question 14

what is gene expression

Answer 14

transcription and translation

Question 15

why does almost all gene expression stop during mitosis?

Answer 15

The DNA is condensed and not available to cellular machinery to carry out gene expression.

Question 16

what does stopping gene expression present

Answer 16

interference with mitosis and helps ensure accurate segregation of genetic material to daughter cells

Question 17

what happens to chromosomes in G2 of interphase

Answer 17

chromosomes are uncondensed and have just duplicated in S phase

Question 18

in animal cells, cytokines occurs by a process known as what and what does it form

Answer 18

cleavage forming a cleavage furrow

Question 19

in plant cells what forms during cytokinesis

Answer 19

cell plate

Question 20

cleavage

Answer 20

cytokinesis in animal cells characterized by pinching of the membrane

Question 21

cleavage furrow

Answer 21

shallow groove in the cell surface near old metaphase plate

Question 22

cell plate

Answer 22

membrane bounded, flattened ac in the middle of a dividing plant cell, inside which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis

Question 23

binary fission

Answer 23

asexual reproduction in unicellular organisms where cells grow to double their size and then divide

Question 24

mitosis is involved in unicellular ________ but not in ________

Answer 24

eukaryotes; prokaryotes

Question 25

what type of DNA do bacteria have

Answer 25

single circular DNA molecule

Question 26

what did mitosis evolve from

Answer 26

binary fission

Question 27

how is the eukaryotic cell cycle regulated

Answer 27

by signaling molecules

Question 28

cell cycle control system

Answer 28

clinically operating set of molecules in eukaryotic cells that triggers and coordinates events in the cell cycle

Question 29

what can checkpoint signals include

Answer 29

growth factors

Question 30

growth factor

Answer 30

protein that stimulates other cells to divide

Question 31

anchorage dependesnce

Answer 31

for most anmals cells to divide, the cells must be attached to something (in animal cells)

Question 32

density of dependent inhibition

Answer 32

crowded cells stop growing (terminates division)

Question 33

biding of surface protein between cells sends a signal to inhibit what

Answer 33

cell division

Question 34

what do cancer cells not exhbiti

Answer 34

density dependent inhibition nor must they be attached to a substrate

Question 35

what do cancer cells not hede

Answer 35

normal signals that reglate cell cycyle

Question 36

what can cancer cells grow without

Answer 36

growth factors

Question 37

are sister chromatids identical

Answer 37

yes

Question 38

homologous chromosomes compared to sister chromatds

Answer 38

homologous chromosomes are similar but not exact copies like sister chromatids

Question 39

what is chromatin composed of

Answer 39

DNA wrapped around by histone proteins

Question 40

what level of protein structure is directly affected by a missense mutation

Answer 40

primary

Question 41

what does a nonsense mutation terminate

Answer 41

translation

Question 42

translation

Answer 42

synthesis of protein based on a codon

Question 43

anaphase

Answer 43

sister chromatids are being pulled away from each other

Question 44

can eukaryotes be unicellular

Answer 44

yes

Question 45

are majority of eukaryotes unicellular

Answer 45

yes

Question 46

why dont prokaryotes have mitochondria

Answer 46

because they do not have membrane bound organelles