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Biology 242- Genomes and Evolution > Intro Module Ch1,25 > Flashcards

Intro Module Ch1,25 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is biology

A

the study of life

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2
Q

what properties does life depend on?

A

order (structure), evolutionary adaptation, regulation, reproduction,, response to the environment, growth, and development, energy processing

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3
Q

what is coevolution

A

close interactions between different species sculpted genetic information to produce compatible traits

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4
Q

levels of biological organization

A

1)biosphere 2)ecosystem 3)communities 4)populations 5)organisms 6)organs 7)tissue 8) cells 9)organelles 10)molecules

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5
Q

reductionism

A

reduces complex systems to simpler components at are more manageable to study (can provide incomplete view)

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6
Q

emergent properties

A

new properties that arise with each step up hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases

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7
Q

what is every cell enclosed by

A

a membrane that regulates the passage of materials between the cell and its surrounding

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8
Q

what are the two main forms of cells

A

prokaryotic and eukaryotic

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9
Q

what two groups of single celled organisms are prokaryotic cells found in

A

bacteria and archaea

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10
Q

what do eukaryotic cells contain

A

membrane enclosed organelles

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11
Q

what is found in the cells of all eukaryotes

A

DNA containing nucleus

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12
Q

what are all forms of life composed of (plants, animals)

A

eukaryotic cells

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13
Q

chloroplast

A

organelle found only in eukaryotes that carry out photosyntheis

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14
Q

what do prokaryotic cells lack

A

a nucleus or other membrance encolsed organelles, smaller than eukaryotic cells

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15
Q

what cell is this

A

eukaryotic cell

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16
Q

what cell is this

A

prokaryotic cell

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17
Q

chromosomes

A

info within cells, contain genetic material in forms of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

1 chromosome=one long strand of DNA = tons of genes

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18
Q

what are genes

A

unit of inheritance

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19
Q

DNA

A

made of strands (two long chains) arranged in double helix

each chain = 4 kinds of chemical buikding blocks (nucleotides)
1)A 2)T 3)C 4)G

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20
Q

how do protein encoding genes control proteins indirectly

A

using RNA

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21
Q

what is a sequence of nucleotides along a gene transcribed into? What are they then translated to

A

mRNA

linked series of protein building blocks called amino acids

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22
Q

gene expression

A

process by which info in a gene directs manufacture of a cellular product

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23
Q

what protein helps lens of an eye to focus

A

crystallin

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24
Q

what causes differences in organisms

A

nucleotide sequences not genetic code

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25
Q

what is evidence for all life is related

A

genetic code

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26
Q

genome

A

library of genetic instructions an organism inherits

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27
Q

genomics

A

molecular bio about structure, function, evolution +mapping of genomes

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28
Q

proteome

A

entire set of proteins expressed by given cell, tissue, or organism

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29
Q

how does energy typically leave an ecosystem

A

as heat

30
Q

what are three groups of organisms

A

1)bacteria 2)archaea 3)eukarya

31
Q

how do you read a phylogenetic tree

A

-each node is a species
-dagger symbol means extinct

32
Q

what drives evolution

A

large scale processes such as geological processes ie pangea

33
Q

adaptive radiation

A

groups of organisms (eg mammals) for many new species who adaptations allow them to fill different ecological roles/niches

34
Q

for fossil record

A

old stratum at bottom young stratum at top

35
Q

what can all life be traced back to

A

origin of unicellular organisms in the ocean

called stromatolites

36
Q

what era is most of our fossil history found

A

Phanerozoic

37
Q
A

memorize, each hash is 250 million years

38
Q

what similar trait to first organisms has been inherited by present day organisms

A

info flows from the genome to physical traits or phenotypes

39
Q

atmospheric oxygen

A

-around 2.7 billion years ago
-altered atmosphere creating new challenges and opportunities for evolving life
-was toxic for a lot of cells in beginning

40
Q

photosynthesis and oxygen revolution

A

-many prokaryotes went extinct and others lived in anaerobic environments, others adapted
-goes essentially from 0% to 100% similar levels of oxygen in earths atmosphere to today
-substantial increase of oxygen bc of photosynthesis
-wobbly parts is because of ice age/glacial periods

41
Q

how did eukaryotes originate

A

by endosymbiosis of a prokaryotic cell which evolved into a mitochondrion

42
Q

what did compartmentalization by organelles lead to

A

increased cell size, complexity and metabolic efficiency

43
Q

what was endosymbiont able to utilize

A

oxygen and could have been a prey or parasite of the host prokaryote which was likely an Archean. eventually, the relationship became mutually beneficial and evolved into a single celled organisms

44
Q

endosymbiosis

A

ingestion of this bacterium

45
Q

when did first eukaryotes occur

A

2 billion years ago

46
Q

what did cooperation between single celled eukaryotes eventually lead to

A

multi cellularity

47
Q

how did cells with aggregates begin to express their genetic info

A

differently giving rise to distinct types of tissues

48
Q

What are some of the oldest multicellular eukaryotic fossils

A

red algae from 1.2 billion years ago

49
Q

first plants and animals when? what were they?

A

600 mya

-ediacariam biota: soft bodies invertebrates animals

50
Q

when was cambrian explosion

A

between 535 and 525 mya

51
Q

what occurred during Cambrian explosion

A

-predator prey interactions:evidenced by offensive (claws) and defensive adaptations (body armor)
-diverse body plans

52
Q

what were animals like before cambrian explosion

A

grazers, filter feeders or scavengers

53
Q

colonization of land when

A

500 mya

54
Q

what first began to colonize land

A

fungi, plants, animals
-fungi in plants had symbiotic relationships

55
Q

what does evolution of vascularization allow plants to do

A

spread throughout terrestrial environments

56
Q

what colonized land next (beside fungi and plants)

A

anthropoids and tetrapods (most diverse and widespread land animals)

57
Q

what is a tetrapod

A

4 limbed animals such as humans

58
Q

how does diversification happen

A

adaptations

59
Q

what helped plant reproduction

A

seed dispersion

60
Q

when were first humans

A

195,000 ya

61
Q

when and what did human lineage diverge from

A

primates 6-7 mya

62
Q

how much DNA do we share with chimps and great apes

A

98%

63
Q

what are large scale processes that cause changes over time

A

-continental drift
-mass extinction
-adaptive radiation

64
Q

what does continental drift do to species

A

organisms are under constant pressure to adapt to ever changing habitats

organisms have ti adapt to changing geology

65
Q

what can separation of land masse cause

A

lead to speciation through isolation

66
Q

what do fossil records show about past species

A

that most species that have ever lived are now extinct

67
Q

how many mass extinctions have occured

A

five

68
Q
A

-x-axis is time
-y-axis is total extinction rate
-secondary y-axis shows number of families that are present
-peaks in red lines are associated with mass extinction events, decline in blue line families constantly

69
Q

in each mass extinction how many marine species became extinct

A

50% or more

70
Q

when was origin of earth

A

4.6 billion years ago

71
Q

when was first prokaryote cell

A

3.5 billion years ago

Biology 242- Genomes and Evolution (35 decks)

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