Module 1 Ch 1,22

Question 1

what was the first type of photosynthesis and how did it work?

Answer 1

anoxygenic photosynthesis - uses H, H2S, or Fe instead of H2O
-had pigments to absorb light energy like photosynthesis and reaction centers to convert light energy into chemical energy

Question 2

what is scientific theory

Answer 2

explanation of a phenomenon that is supported by a large body of evidence

Question 3

1)What were early biologists focused on and 2) how did they organize species?

Answer 3

1)focused on unique features that defined individual taxa
2)categorized species based on their complexity and hierarchy

Question 4

why did early biologists method of categorizing species begin to break down in the 16-1700’s

Answer 4

because people began to question authority

Question 5

what is scientific method

Answer 5

method for acquiring knowledge that is based on verifiable evidence

Question 6

what did scientist begin to focus on instead of perfection and perfect type of orgaism

Answer 6

diversity of life, both past and present

Question 7

what did Carolus Linnaeus do (1707-1778)

Answer 7

tried to find order within the diveristy of life
-wanted to define/classify species based on structural differences
-developed binomial nomenclature

Question 8

what did Linnaeus believe

Answer 8

that a creator had specially made and placed each species on earth

Question 9

what is a species

Answer 9

biological unit that can produce viable offspring

Question 10

who noted the decreasing similarity to modern fauna in deeper and deeper strata?

Answer 10

George cuvier (1769-1832)

Question 11

1)what did George Cuvier establish as a fact?
2)what conversation did he begin

Answer 11

1)extinction
2)homology:shared ancestry of specific traits

Question 12

what is the geological processes that have been occurring for a long time

Answer 12

uniformitarianism

Question 13

what greatly influenced darwin

Answer 13

uniformitarianism

Question 14

who had the idea of use and disuse

Answer 14

lamarck

Question 15

what is use and disuse

Answer 15

theory that states that parts of the body that are used extensively become larger and stronger while those that are not deteriorate

Question 16

what did Lamarck believe

Answer 16

all organisms possessed inner drive to evolve

correct assertion that species evolve, wrong about mechanisms

Question 17

adaptation

Answer 17

inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in a specific environment

Question 18

who was thomas malthus

Answer 18

an economists that said much of human suffering results from human’s population potential to increased faster than food supplies and other resources

Question 19

how did Thomas Malthus influence Wallace and Darwin

Answer 19

propose that the ability to overproduce was common to all species

Question 20

natural selection

Answer 20

Process in which individuals that have certain traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits

Question 21

what caused the rise of diversity

Answer 21

descent with modification

Question 22

what is shared ancestry resulting in shared characteristics

Answer 22

descent

Question 23

modification

Answer 23

accumulation of differences

Question 24

what are the two related ways to view evolution

Answer 24

pattern and process

pattern:from data and observations
process:mechanisms that cause observed pattern of change

Question 25

what is scala naurae (scale of nature) and who was it proposed by

Answer 25

proposed by aristotle -life forms could be arranfed on ladder of increasing complexity

Question 26

how were Carolus Linnaeus species grouped together per his theory

Answer 26

similar species grouped in same genus, similar genera (plural of genus) were grouped in the same family

Question 27

homologous structure

Answer 27

rep variations of structural theme that was present in a common ancestor

Question 28

vestigial structures

Answer 28

have no apparent function and appear to be residual parts from a past ancestor

Question 29

convergent evolution

Answer 29

independent evolution of similar features in different lineages

Question 30

biogeography

Answer 30

study of geographic distribution of species

Question 31

inductive reasoning

Answer 31

generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations

Question 32

artificial selection

Answer 32

similar to natural selection but occurs more quickly because of human contribution

Question 33

what are the examples of evolution

Answer 33

1)homology 2)fossil evidence 3)direct evidence

Question 34

what type of complexity do fossilized organisms in deeper (older) sediments generally exhibit

Answer 34

less complexity

Question 35

inductive reasoning

Answer 35

logic where generalizations are made on a large number of observations (how Darwin and Wallace developed theory of natural evolution)

Question 36

deductive reasoning

Answer 36

logic process in which a conclusion is based on the concordance of multiple premises that are generally assumed to be true

Question 37

what is the fourth piece of evidence that supports the theory of evolution

Answer 37

darwin and wallace's observations

Question 38

eugenics

Answer 38

set of beliefs and practices that aim to improve the genetic quality of a human population

Question 39

uncovering fossil records helps with evolution because

Answer 39

breaks down phylogenetic tree

Question 40

codominance

Answer 40

two alleles each impact the phenotype in separate, noticeable ways

Question 41

pleiotropy

Answer 41

genes with multiple phenotypic effects

Question 42

epistasis

Answer 42

phenotypic expression of a gene at one locus alters that of a gene at a second locus