Module 1 Ch 1,22 Flashcards
what was the first type of photosynthesis and how did it work?
anoxygenic photosynthesis - uses H, H2S, or Fe instead of H2O
-had pigments to absorb light energy like photosynthesis and reaction centers to convert light energy into chemical energy
what is scientific theory
explanation of a phenomenon that is supported by a large body of evidence
1)What were early biologists focused on and 2) how did they organize species?
1)focused on unique features that defined individual taxa
2)categorized species based on their complexity and hierarchy
why did early biologists method of categorizing species begin to break down in the 16-1700’s
because people began to question authority
what is scientific method
method for acquiring knowledge that is based on verifiable evidence
what did scientist begin to focus on instead of perfection and perfect type of orgaism
diversity of life, both past and present
what did Carolus Linnaeus do (1707-1778)
tried to find order within the diveristy of life
-wanted to define/classify species based on structural differences
-developed binomial nomenclature
what did Linnaeus believe
that a creator had specially made and placed each species on earth
what is a species
biological unit that can produce viable offspring
who noted the decreasing similarity to modern fauna in deeper and deeper strata?
George cuvier (1769-1832)
1)what did George Cuvier establish as a fact?
2)what conversation did he begin
1)extinction
2)homology:shared ancestry of specific traits
what is the geological processes that have been occurring for a long time
uniformitarianism
what greatly influenced darwin
uniformitarianism
who had the idea of use and disuse
lamarck
what is use and disuse
theory that states that parts of the body that are used extensively become larger and stronger while those that are not deteriorate
what did Lamarck believe
all organisms possessed inner drive to evolve
correct assertion that species evolve, wrong about mechanisms
adaptation
inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in a specific environment
who was thomas malthus
an economists that said much of human suffering results from human’s population potential to increased faster than food supplies and other resources
how did Thomas Malthus influence Wallace and Darwin
propose that the ability to overproduce was common to all species
natural selection
Process in which individuals that have certain traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits
what caused the rise of diversity
descent with modification
what is shared ancestry resulting in shared characteristics
descent
modification
accumulation of differences
what are the two related ways to view evolution
pattern and process
pattern:from data and observations
process:mechanisms that cause observed pattern of change
what is scala naurae (scale of nature) and who was it proposed by
proposed by aristotle
-life forms could be arranfed on ladder of increasing complexity
how were Carolus Linnaeus species grouped together per his theory
similar species grouped in same genus, similar genera (plural of genus) were grouped in the same family
homologous structure
rep variations of structural theme that was present in a common ancestor
vestigial structures
have no apparent function and appear to be residual parts from a past ancestor
convergent evolution
independent evolution of similar features in different lineages
biogeography
study of geographic distribution of species
inductive reasoning
generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations
artificial selection
similar to natural selection but occurs more quickly because of human contribution
what are the examples of evolution
1)homology
2)fossil evidence
3)direct evidence
what type of complexity do fossilized organisms in deeper (older) sediments generally exhibit
less complexity
inductive reasoning
logic where generalizations are made on a large number of observations (how Darwin and Wallace developed theory of natural evolution)
deductive reasoning
logic process in which a conclusion is based on the concordance of multiple premises that are generally assumed to be true
what is the fourth piece of evidence that supports the theory of evolution
darwin and wallace’s observations
eugenics
set of beliefs and practices that aim to improve the genetic quality of a human population
uncovering fossil records helps with evolution because
breaks down phylogenetic tree
codominance
two alleles each impact the phenotype in separate, noticeable ways
pleiotropy
genes with multiple phenotypic effects
epistasis
phenotypic expression of a gene at one locus alters that of a gene at a second locus
