module 3 nutrition

Question 1

carbohydrates

Answer 1

found mostly in plants and milk, body’s main source of energy

• more eaten than needed for the energy the excess is stored in fatty tissues throughout the body
• recommended that carbs be at least 50% of total calories with no less than 100g per day

Question 2

carbs and organ function

Answer 2

liver
- sparing the use of protein for energy and participating in specific detoxifying metabolic pathways 
heart
- as glycogen stored in cardiac tissue
CNS
- as the only energy source to the brain

Question 3

protein

Answer 3

• present in all animal and plant products, essential to life
• more than half the organic matter in the body
• if more protein is eaten than needed, surplus either is used to supply energy or stored as body fat
• recommended that protein content of the diet be 14-20% of total calories

Question 4

protein: major function of proteins

Answer 4

• building and maintaining tissues
• regulating internal water and acid-base balances
• acting as a precursor for enzymes, antibodies, and several hormones

Question 5

daily minimum of proteins for ages

Answer 5

infants: 13g
children: 25g
adults: 45g

Question 6

Fat

Answer 6

present in fatty fish, animal, and some plant products
necessary as main source of
- linolenic acid (omega 7), a-linolenic acid (omega 3)
Essential for normal growth and development
If more eaten than needed extra is stored in fatty tissues in the body
Recommended that fat intake be 25-35% of daily calories or at least 20-30 grams/day

Question 7

major functions of fat

Answer 7

synthesis and regulation of certain hormones
maintenance of tissue structure 
never impulse transmission 
memory storage
energy metabolism

Question 8

Micronutrients

Answer 8

substances required and stored in small quantities
- vitamins: must be taken in; food, supplement
- minerals: must be taken in; food, supplement
- electrolytes
Not used for energy but essential for
- growth
- development
- hundreds of metabolic processes

Question 9

micronutrients that can be produced by body

Answer 9

Vit K and biotin: produced by intestinal microorganisms
Vit D: synthesized from cholesterol
Niacin: synthesized from tryptophan

Question 10

major functions of water

Answer 10

provide turgor to body tissues
alter configuration of substances for metabolic processes
transport body nutrients and wastes
maintain stable body temperature

Question 11

water loss

Answer 11

continual

• kidneys
• lungs as water vapor
• skin as perspiration

Question 12

water replacement in body

Answer 12

2-2.5L
fluids taken in
water contained in solid foods eater
water produced in the body as a result of oxidative processes

Question 13

Resting energy expenditure (REE)

Answer 13

largest energy expenditure

• represents the energy expended by a person at rest under condition of stable temp.
• BMR: defined as the REE measured soon after awakening in the morning (12 hours after last meal)
• • variability is less than 10%

Question 14

physical activity

Answer 14

second largest energy expenditure
- EER defines as the average dietary energy intake needed per day to maintain energy balance in a health individual based on age, gender, wt, ht, and physical activity level (PAL)

Question 15

Thermogenesis

Answer 15

smallest energy expenditure

• metabolic response to food intake
• accounts for about 7% of the total energy expended during a day.