module 10 neuro intro Flashcards
motor cortex is located
in the frontal lobe
cerebellum aids in
coordinating voluntary movement proprioception muscle tone equilibrium posture
brainstem controls
involuntary functions
- heart rate
- breathing
cranial nerves originate from
the brainstem
upper motor neurons
motor pathways
originate and terminate within the CNS
primary role: spinal reflex arcs
affect movement only through Lower motor neurons
lower motor neurons
originate in the anterior horn of the spinal cord and extend into PNS
transmit signals to muscles for movement
differential dx for CNS
MS sz disorder encephalitis meningitis intracranial tumors stroke
differential dx for PNS
myasthenia gravis guillain-barre syndrome trigeminal neuralgia bells palsy peripheral neuropathy
meningitis tests
nuchal rigidity
brudzinski sign
kernigs sign
praxis
use of tools
anosmia
impairment or loss of smell
CN V examination
3 branches; motor and sensory face: atrophy or tremors jaw: tone and strength; masseter strength pain and sensation corneal reflex
CN V deficites
facial pain
diminished or absent corneal reflex
chewing dysfunction
CN VII facial examination
facial expressions and taste
- symmetry
- taste
CN VII deficits
facial weakness/paralysis: bells palsy
diminished or absent taste
CVIII acoustic examination
sensory: hearing and balance
bone and air conduction: Rinne
sound lateralization: weber
CVIII deficits
tinnitus
vertigo
hearing deficits
CN IX glossopharyngeal examination
motor and sensory: taste and swallowing
- taste
- gag reflex and swallow
CN IX deficits
difficulty swallowing
loss of gag reflex
CN X vagus examination
motor and sensory: swallowing and speech
inspect palate and uvula for symmetry: stick out tongue say ahh
swallow
guttural speech sounds
CN X deficits
dysarthria
vocal paralysis
dysphagia
CN XI spinal accessory examination
motor: muscle strength
- shoulder shrug with resistance
CN XI deficits
drooping or shoulder weakness
weakness or paralysis of head rotation, flexion, extension
CN XII hypoglossal examination
motor: tongue strength
- movement
- lingual speech sounds
CN XII deficits
tongue deviation
tongue paralysis
difficulty talking, chewing, swallowing
testing cerebellar function
coordination and fine motor skills
- rapid rhythmic alternating movements (RAM)
accuracy of movements (cerebellar)
finger to finger test
finger to nose test
heel to shin test
Balance: cerebellar
equilibrium - Romberg test - standing on one foot Gait: - observe gait - heel-toe walking
Sensory function: cerebellar
with pts eyes closed Observe for - asymmetry - interpretation of sensation - discrimination - location Touch Pain Temperature and deep pressure Vibration Position of joints
cortical sensory functions
stereognosis: identify familiar objects with eyes closed
two-point discrimination
extinction phenomenon: bilateral touch equal
graphesthesis: draw in pt palm, identify
point location
